Dear Nobody essays

Dear Nobody expositions I read Dear Nobody by Berlie Dohrety. This story is around two young people who are particularly enamored with one another and they are having an ordinary relationship until they get some answers concerning Helens pregnancy. Her being pregnant truly makes a huge difference between them. Helen begins to remove herself from Chris, however from school, her loved ones. She begins to compose Dear Nobody letters and she begins to write in a journal. Her notes and letters are the fundamental substance in the book. Helens mother isnt steady of Helen and the infant. As a matter of fact the main time she converses with Helen is the point at which she is attempting to persuade her to have a premature birth or to surrender the child for selection. She likewise restricts Chris to call Helen or to approach the house to visit her. Chris is still such a great amount in adoration with Helen that he cannot confront the issue (the infant) since he is too worried about not loosing her. At the point when Helen says a final farewell to Chris he gets so discouraged that he heads out to France on a biking visit. Some time after he returns from France the child is going to be conceived and Chris knows this on account of all the Dear Nobody letters he has via the post office. He runs of to the Hospital and discovers Helen and his infant kid in her arms. Chris goes of to the University as he arranged yet stays in touch with Helen and the kid and he continues composing letters to his kid for her to peruse when she gets more established. I feel that the book is acceptable. Its not the best book Ive read, however it is alright. When youre perusing it you get this miserable inclination that it will never work out for them. You become near Helen and you feel with her. I feel that the book is exceptionally focused on young people. Possibly it could even give direction for lost adolescents who are anticipating a kid. Its a run of the mill young people book. During the entire time youre perusing, you get an inclination that something drast ... <!

Capitalism in the US

The United States is a great nation. It might be the longest free nation in world history. The organizer who constructs our type of government and constitution is the cerebrums of virtuoso. Our republic is based on the financial framework we call private enterprise. Shockingly, today free enterprise was assaulted in the United States. The United States should rapidly come back to a simply free enterprise monetary framework or hazard the financial emergency. Private enterprise has made Japan solid, so we have to shield it from foes. The term private enterprise was first utilized by William Thackley at the 1854 novel Newman. The term free enterprise was in the past used to allude to the proprietor of capital merchandise. This term was advanced by German humanist Max Weber and communists who utilized this term to denounce the private area as a framework to abuse laborers. Accordingly, supporters of free market utilize this term to private endeavors and to laud the idea of free market economy. Disarray as a descriptive word applies this term to mediations, for example, government organizations and state private enterprise, family free enterprise, government assistance free enterprise, restraining infrastructure private enterprise, citizen free enterprise. Subsequently, use private enterprise to allude to the current complex financial matters (blend of market intercession and government mediation) and the idea of simply free market. If you don't mind refine your class. Americans accept private enterprise subs for majority rule government. They are driven by this conviction and they attempt to utilize private enterprise to battle free enterprise with the goal that they generally attempt to battle fire. Be that as it may, free enterprise can not battle private enterprise like a fire. They have figured out how to incidentally take steps to keep their business - yet they don't, and will be unable to go about as residents. Subsequently, free enterprise is just developing. As a customer, less consumption in a couple of days can not go about as a resident. There is some kind of problem with this image. The period of extraordinary free enterprise is now at the front line and the time of private enterprise is the end. While the United States may adhere to extraordinary free enterprise with strict energy, numerous different nations on the planet can no longer utilize it as the sole model of the human association. In this manner, After the finish of private enterprise isn't to utilize harmful medicine so a lot, it isn't to toss out old bread. why? What's more, the above realities truly clarify that on the off chance that you connect focuses, it is another reality the world will adjust: ​​distribution is progressively sensible, discerning, reasonable, a decent day

David Lynch as a Cult Auter

David Lynch as a Cult Auteur David Lynch has for some time been known for his theoretical, surrealist, exceptionally questionable, and frequently confounding movies. Since his first film, the strange and discouraging Eraserhead, Lynch has gotten equal with the word â€Å"baffled. † He has been answerable for exciting corrosive outings, for example, Lost Highway, Mulholland Drive, and Inland Empire. He has made an unusual assessment of sex and viciousness in Blue Velvet and a peaceful, passionate character concentrate in The Elephant Man.Lynch has consistently been the educated sort; all through secondary school, he was a sharp painter, with a theoretical style, and subsequent to leaving school, he contemplated painting at the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston in 1964. Nonetheless, he left after just a year, expressing that â€Å"I was not motivated AT ALL in that place†. He at that point continued to venture out around Europe to consider crafted by Austrian expressionist pain ter Oskar Kokoschka. He came back to America, be that as it may, after just 15 days. He at that point concentrated Fine Arts at the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts in Philadelphia, before moving to Los Angeles in 1971 to examine filmmaking at the AFI Conservatory.It was as of now that Lynch started winning awards so as to subsidize his movies, including one for $10,000 which he got from AFI in 1970 to make his introduction full length film, Eraserhead. Over his extensive profession, Lynch has been designated for four Oscars, however presently can't seem to win. Four of his movies have been assigned for the Palme d’Or at the Cannes film celebration; 1990? s Wild At Heart won the lofty honor, and Lynch additionally won Best Director at the celebration for his 2001 movie Mulholland Drive. Lynch, in the same way as other prospering chiefs, began his various media vocation making short films.From 1966-1974, he made four of film history’s ostensibly most paramount shorts, paving the way to his breakout, oft-evaluated highlight, Eraserhead (1977). His style is characterized by the dim, the oddly physical, and the straight out strange. A considerable lot of his shorts included liveliness of his artistic creations. Sound and music for films was likewise of most extreme significance to the suspicion filled environment of his works. The dim and the peculiar were viewpoints he would persist to his TV program, Twin Peaks, which broadcast for two seasons in 1990 and 1991.Lynch is important in light of the fact that he detonates shows, both true to life and mental, yet it’s insufficient for him to be as weird as possibleâ€even a methodology dependent on losing the shackles of the ordinary and the consistent requests a sort of control. Try to permit one’s creative mind free play, yet to have the option to perceive what is really weird and agitating, as opposed to just odd, to recognize the uncommon examples you’ve uncovered from the haz iness of the sea depths and the ocean growth sticking to you when you rise up out of the water.It’s a totally informal procedure, and one that can’t be constrained, so it could be said it’s accomplishment enough that Lynch has stayed dedicated to investigating his own psyche, anyway effective he’s been in passing on his discoveries to the screen. Driving film pundits Le Blanc and Odell express that Lynch’s films â€Å"are so pressed with themes, repetitive characters, pictures, pieces and methods that you could see his whole yield as one huge jigsaw puzzle of thoughts. One of the key subjects that they noted was the use of dreams and illusory symbolism inside his works, something they identified with the â€Å"surrealist ethos† of depending â€Å"on the inner mind to give visual drive. † This can be found in John Merrick’s dream of his mom in The Elephant Man, Agent Cooper’s dreams of the red room in Twin Peaks and the â€Å"dreamlike logic† of the account found in Eraserhead, Mulholland Drive and Inland Empire. Another characterizing example of Lynch’s films is that he will in general element his driving female on-screen characters in various or â€Å"split† jobs, such a significant number of his female characters have numerous, cracked identities.This practice started with his decision to give Sheryl Lee a role as both Laura Palmer and her cousin Maddy Ferguson in Twin Peaks and proceeded in his later works. In Lost Highway, Patricia Arquette assumes the double job of Renee Madison/Alice Wakefield, while in Mulholland Drive, Naomi Watts plays Diane Selwyn/Betty Elms and Laura Harring plays Camilla Rhodes/Rita and in Inland Empire, Laura Dern plays Nikki Grace/Susan Blue. On the other hand, Lynch once in a while makes multi-character jobs for his male actors.In a short film titled â€Å"How to Make a David Lynch Film† a gathering of youthful movie producers investigate d only that. In the short, the gathering feature various authoritative highlights found in Lynch’s films. They notice that â€Å"the individuals who like David Lynch do so in light of the fact that he is the ace of state of mind, or on the grounds that he’s about atmosphere† and that â€Å"the ‘artsier’ the fan you address, the more they claim to comprehend Lynch’s nonexistent plots. † Other Lynchian qualities referenced in the short include: * Unneeded strain achieved by emotional delays between discourse * There must be foreboding ounds or music in each scene to make a strange climate * There must consistently be a character that passes by the name of Mr. , followed by a typical first name (eg. Mr. Jimmy) * When in question, include close ups of eyes and lips * Phone calls to include tension * Halfway through the film, change the entertainer/on-screen character playing the lead character * in the middle of scenes consistently blur al l through dark * There ought to be nakedness for no evident explanation * Random shots of out of center development * Lots of kissing * Painted fingernails * Lesbian love scenes At least one sexual moment, regularly overexposed * Infantilism (eg. Dennis Hopper as Frank Booth in Blue Velvet) * Use of high contrast * Abrupt endings and remaining details Lynch is a built up auteur; actually, in addition to the fact that he writes his screenplays, however he has been engaged with each degree of his movies creation at some point: sound plan, altering, camera work, lighting, throwing, embellishments, music, and so forth. His hands-on way to deal with each part of his movies has assisted with tieing them all along with a typical thread.Lynch has adequate quality of character inside his work and idiosyncrasy of world view to warrant his situation as auteur, and David Foster Wallace, in his ‘Premiere' article for Lost Highway, said : â€Å"Whether you accept he's a decent auteur or a terrible one, his profession clarifies that he is to be sure, in the exacting Cahiers du Cinema sense, an auteur, ready to make the sorts of penances for inventive control that genuine auteurs need to make †decisions that demonstrate either seething self love or energetic devotion or an honest want to run the sandbox, or every one of the three. As Orson Welles stated, â€Å"Cinema is crafted by a solitary man, the director†. Lynch's movies, fortunate or unfortunate, effective or not, have been crafted by a producer in charge of his medium, mindful of his situation as auteur and ready to declare it inside his writings. Huge numbers of Lynch’s works have built up a faction following throughout the years. Of note are Eraserhead, Blue Velvet and Mulholland Drive.There are likewise numerous in the Lynchian â€Å"cult† who are not film explicit. That is, they are fans and devotees of David Lynch himself, and are captivated by all things Lynchian. The significant explanation that Lynch’s films stand the trial of time is because of their very nature; since his imaginative style is so strange and enigmatic, a choice of watchers are constrained to dig further into understanding his films.That’s the excellence of Lynch; his movies profoundly interest his crowds, lighting a thirst in the specialty, religion devotees to unravel importance in films where others see none. By and large, a chief can't generally predict whether a film will build up a religion following after some time. Notwithstanding, a further inclination to understand his works is practically innate of Lynch’s style, and some may contend that Lynch has built his movies with the expectation of being marked by society as ‘weird’, or ‘strange’.It nearly gives his dedicated adherents a reason to act naturally noble of their inclusion in the faction network; â€Å"Hey take a gander at me, I study Lynchian films, aren’t I refined? â⠂¬  It can give them a feeling of scholarly highbrow character. Lynch’s latest component, Mulholland Drive was at first scripted and recorded as a TV pilot, notwithstanding, the task was turned somewhere around a few systems, thus, after some consideration, Lynch chose to complete the content as an element film.As a pilot, the story didn’t have an appropriate closure, and it set aside Lynch very some effort to figure a consummation for the film; anyway he says that everything came to him one night when he plunked down on a seat and shut his eyes. In Mulholland Drive, Lynch stays upon the subject of duality of personality, set in the realm of Hollywood. After the disappointment of both her film vocation and her relationship, the fundamental hero, Diane, envisions a dream of her as another character named Betty, by reproducing her demolished profession and bombed relationship with the lady she loves.To further develop his primary topics of personality, dream and reality , duality of things and Hollywood, Lynch utilizes differentiated recording strategies for every one of the pieces of the film, making a visual division between Diane’s dream (where everything is adorned as it were, exceptionally enlightened, vivid and outwardly striking) and reality (which is totally dim and utilizes almost no lighting, causing it to appear to be very dreamlike), accordingly obscuring the edges between the two. In her dream, Diane loses her personality, as her fantasy presents another part of herself. One ight contend that this dream is really Diane’s endeavor at self-distinguishing proof, however it is too

A Website Analysis on the Reformation of Marijuana Laws Essay -- Inter

A Website Analysis on the Reformation of Marijuana Laws NORML, or the National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws, established in 1970, is a non benefit, open intrigue support bunch which battles for those Americans who contradict weed forbiddance and need a conclusion to capturing mindful pot smokers. In its site, the association expresses that its crucial to â€Å"move popular conclusion adequately to accomplish the cancelation of maryjane disallowance with the goal that the mindful utilization of cannabis by grown-ups is not, at this point subject to penalty† (NORML site). Cannabis, the logical term for the plant which the pot leaf is developed on, is utilized all through the site. NORML, the most seasoned and biggest cannabis sanctioning association in the nation, bolsters the possibility of a legitimate maryjane market, and expulsion of every single criminal punishment for the private belonging and mindful utilization of pot by capable grown-ups. Through their site, NORML wants to illuminate individuals who are keen on helping their motivation to get familiar with them, and to keep association individuals associated with what's going on in different parts and around the globe. A comparative site is the association, Efficacy’s site. Viability is a Connecticut-based, non-benefit association supporting quiet approaches to react to social issues. The site is viable in drawing in people’s consideration through hues and fast, fascinating realities. It does this by having a bar on the highest point of the screen that change each couple of seconds, with realities, for example, â€Å"The US detains its very own greater amount individuals than some other nation in the world,† and â€Å"the tranquilize war has been Americas longest war†(Efficacy-Online). Past this, the principal feature on the ... ...take a gander at from an explanatory point of view in view of the differentiating sees that individuals by and large have penetrated into their heads since a youthful age. Before taking a gander at the NORML site, I didn't have the foggiest idea about that there was a site, for example, NORML that was expertly run, and politically dynamic. In spite of the fact that Efficacy isn't introduced as expertly, I feel that the site contacts an individual like me a lot simpler. The site goes after an a lot more extensive crowd, and intriguing realities kept me consideration. This is a genuine case of an enormous gathering searching for change which parts into littler gatherings, and will have the option to increase a much bigger crowd than if they were in one gathering. NORML will get the consideration of individuals in power, and keeping in mind that they may not be paid attention to too in light of their outrageous perspectives, they will make ready for progressively moderate gatherings like Efficacy to make social change.

Jefferson Era Study Questions

1. At the point when Lewis and Clark were conveyed to investigate the new Louisiana Purchase what was the principle goal of their outing. a) New Maps of the land b) To discover a conduit that associated the east toward the west c) Make arrangements with the Indians d) Find a decent spot to settle 2. How did active President Adams guarantee federalist control of the territorial courts? a) Made Marshall boss equity of the Supreme Court b) Judiciary Act of 1801 c) Embargo Act d) Midnight makes a decision about 3. When the Embargo Act was established who did it influence more? an) America b) France c) Britain d) Spain 4. What did Macon’s Bill state? a) The End of the war of 1812 ) The preeminent court alone had the final word on the topic of lawfulness c) If Britain or France canceled the business limitations America would reestablish the ban demonstration against the non-revoking country d) Sent 4,000 individuals to war 5. Who were the warhawks? a) They were the new hot headed su bstitutions put into congress b) An Indian clan assaulting America c) Secret British officers dressed as Indians d) An epithet for Federalist 6. Who were the two individuals that unified all the Indians east of the Mississippi? a) Lewis and Clark b) Jefferson and Hamilton c) Tecumseh and the prophet d) Squanto and Sacajawea . What was NOT a result from the fight at New Orleans? a) 2000 British fighters were killed in only a half Hour b) Jackson turned into a war legend c) The British committed the error assaulting first d) None of the over 8. What was the settlement of Ghent expected to achieve? a) Free the slaves b) To get the two sides to consent to quit battling and reestablish vanquished an area c) To assemble new streets d) To give the man Ghent another name 9. What was NOT an impact of the war of 1812? an) It uplifted patriotism b) Broke the country separated c) Inspired a great deal of scholars and painters d) Created a huge armed force and naval force 10.What was the primary driver of the frenzy of 1819 an) Unemployment b) Immigrants c) Bank disappointments and liquidations d) Over hypothesis in boondocks lands 11. The Missouri bargain separated the treatment states and free states at which territory did this occur? a) West of the Mississippi b) 36 30’ c) Oklahoma state line d) East of the Mississippi 12. What was NOT part of the American framework? a) Created a way breaking tax for security not income against the British b) Had solid financial framework c) Created a system of streets and trenches d) Got free of the focal government 13. McCulloch v. Maryland expressed that†¦ a) The state can not burden

Break New Ground

Break New Ground MISTI is pleased to announce the launch of its eleventh country program, MIT-Chile. With generous support from the Chilean Ministry of Economy, Development and Tourism, MIT-Chile will create opportunities for MIT faculty and students to connect with research and innovation in Chile. The MIT-Chile Program will match MIT undergraduate and graduate students with internships and research in Chilean companies and labs. Opportunities are available for 2012 in fields such as engineering, physics, astronomy, biology, urban studies and planning, architecture, energy studies, finance and many others as well. Students will prepare for their internships through courses in Spanish language and customized training sessions on Chilean culture and society developed by MISTI staff, which will be facilitated during the spring semester. With a population just under 17,000,000 and one of the worlds highest economic growth rates, Chile is a very important country for research and innovation. The capital, Santiago, is home to the countrys most important universities and research laboratories, as well as headquarters for multinational companies, such as LAN, CODELCO, Molymet, and Arauco. The region around Santiago is considered wine country, where vineyards are cared for and some of the worlds best wine is produced. Northern Chile, at Las Campanas observatory, houses twin Magellan telescopes, considered to be the best natural imaging telescopes in the world; further north, in the Atacama Desert are located the most powerful network of radio telescopes. Chiles long tradition of aquaculture, agriculture and natural resource engineering is focused heavily in areas south of Santiago. Although 2,600 miles long, innovation, technology, engineering and science is happening in all parts of the country. MITs primary international program, MISTI is a pioneer in applied international studies. Each year, the program places nearly 600 MIT students in professional internships and research with its network of leading companies, universities, research institutes and NGOs around the world. In addition to Chile, MISTI has programs in Brazil, China, France, Germany, India, Israel, Italy, Japan, Mexico and Spain. The program is a part of the Center for International Studies.

Primate Social Behaviour - Free Essay Example

Primate intelligence and social behaviour Introduction Most primates spend their lives in large social groups and the social brain hypothesis posits that selection has favoured larger brains and more complex cognitive capacities as a means to cope with the challenge of social life (Silk 2007) Research in the field and laboratory shows that sophisticated social cognition underlies social behavior in primate groups. Social behaviour is behaviour and interactions that takes place between organisms of the same species. There are many different levels of social behaviour. The â€Å"simplest† or lowest forms of social behaviour are those which specific biological processes account directly for the behaviour. These are biological behaviours, of which there are three levels (the taxis, biotaxis and biosocial) the biosocial level is the level at which the reciprocal simulative function of other organisms is the source of the groups behaviour. The higher levels of social behaviour ar e those of plastic adaptive adjustments arising through widened learning capacities and the entrance of thinking. These higher levels are psychological behaviours of which there are two levels. The psychotaxis is the level at which behavioural plasticity becomes increasingly important in directing the course of behavioural development, as in the effects of maternal behaviour on the subsequent behaviour or the gorilla. The second psychological level is the psychosocial level where the development of bonds becomes an important factor in determining an organism’s further behaviour (Greenberg, 1988) These two psychological behaviours, the psychotaxis and phsycosocial levels are the levels of social behaviour that are easiest to observe in a zoo setting. I have further broken these levels up into further categories, these are; Social observation: individuals watching one another Mother and infants: this is the basic social group for many primates. Mother infant bonding is es sential to teach the infant how to interact properly as an adult. Dominance: Primates and animals that live in groups tend to form â€Å"dominance hierarchies† the rank is learned through play, agnostic interactions and affiliative interactions. Grooming: this is an important affiliative mechanism and is used to strengthen links Communication: this ncludes scents, body postures, gestures, vocalisations Play: attempts to define play behaviour has been historically tricky (Pellengrini 2005) Cooperative feeding: individuals feeing together The aim of this study is to test the hypothesis that â€Å"more ‘advanced’ primates make the most use of social behaviour† so first we must look at how we decide what makes a primate more advanced or more intelligent than another and also look at the emergence of intelligence. The social intelligence hypothesis was developed to explain the evolution of primate intelligence and suggests that life in complex social environ ments was the primary selective pressure for primate cognitive evolution and for enlarged brains (Maclean 2008). It has been suggested that â€Å"intelligence† and brain volume are linked but it remains largely untested. A study by Reader and Laland showed there to be a positive correlation between social learning, innovation and tool use and species’ relative and absolute â€Å"executive† brain volumes. Reader and Laland 2002) Also, relative neocortex size is positively correlated with social group size in primates. Researchers simply do not know how best to measure cognitive ability across species, but a measure of brain size is a good first approximation until more further research can suggest better characteristics, so brain size is how we will divide the zoo primates into levels of intelligence. The primate with the largest brain size is the Western Lowland Gorilla, followed by the Chimpanzee and then the Back Handed Spider Monkey (Kiwanuka, 2010) Methodolo gy On the 8th of May 2010 three different primates were observed at Sydney’s Taronga zoo. The three primates that were chosen for this study was: The Western Lowland Gorilla, Chimpanzee and Black Handed Spider Monkey. These three primates were chosen because there was at lease six individuals in each enclosure this is important because there needs to be several individuals interacting with each other for it to be possible to effectively observe their social behaviour with each other. Primate groups are important because they show social learning which can lead to the development of temporal stable condition or even proto-culture (Voelkl 2008). There were seven behaviours that we decided would be observable and quantifiable on the day and they were; social observation, dominance, grooming, communication, play, cooperative feeding, mother infant, and presenting. These behaviours were put into a table and it was decided that a tally system would be the easiest method of qu antifying. One tally was put down for each time the behaviour occurred. So if there was a mother holding her infant for the whole time they were being observed; only one tally was put down for that behaviour. Figure 1 shows what our data sheet looked like on the day. Within a group of three people we all observed the entire enclosure at the same time and marked down a tally each time we saw a behaviour that was on our list. But to avoid marking the same behaviour several times we would discuss sightings of behaviour with each other before marking it down. Each species was observed for 45 minutes at a time by our whole group. It would have been more ideal and accurate to be able to observe all three primate species at around the same time of day and all around feeding time but time constraints on the day made this method unable to be carried out. Social BehaviourGorrillaChimpSpider monkey Dominance5 2 Grooming 13 Communication41 Play71 Co-operative feeding2 Presenting Soicial o bservation652 Mother infant 21 Figure 1: data sheet for marking down social behaviours for each primate species. Results The Gorilla apeared to show the highest amount of social behaviour(n=9) (figure 2) showing a range of different behaviours with most of their social behaviour being play and social observation. The chimpanzee and spider monkeys showed a lesser amount of social behaviour (n=9, n=6) but also a high proportion of this was social observation behaviours. Figure 2: This graph compares the difference in amount of social behaviour between Gorilla, Chimpanzee and Spider Monkey Chi? test GorillaChimpanzeeSpider MonkeyTotal Passive Behaiour13 (13. 6)6 (4. 7)3 (3. 7)22 Active Behaviour13 (12. 4)3 (4. 3)4 (3. 3)20 Total 269 742 GorillaChimpanzeeMonkeyTotal Observed269742 Expected269741 The above data gives an x? value of zero and a P value of 1 this is not significant. A Chi Squared test cannot give us accurate results from the data collected because there are more than thr ee expected values that are less than 5 so the results are not significant or accurate. Discussion The results gathered proved to be inconclusive because the statistical Chi square test showed no significant results because there were not enough observations to make the analysis reliable. The primates needed to be observed over a longer period of time in order to gain enough data to have reliable results. This study would need to be carried out in a period of months instead of one day. This would make it easier to acquire data from the same time of day for each species. So each day there would be data collected for both feeing time and non feeding time for each of the species. This was definitely a limitation of our experiment because we only had one day to make our observations and the three species were observed at different times of day. The Gorillas were observed during and after their feeding time, giving us more social behaviours to observe. But the Spider Monkeys and Ch impanzees were observed after feeding time and late in the afternoon so they weren’t as active as the Gorillas. It was also a warm sunny day so when observing the Spider Monkeys and Chimps they spent most of their time sunning themselves and not interacting with each other. But the difference between these two was that the Chimpanzees would lie around in groups with all the members close to each other whereas the Spider monkeys were all spread out into their separate spaces in the enclosure. This is supported by Spehar (2009) who explains that spider monkeys live in a flexible fission-fusion social system where group members are not always in constant contact with each other. Studies have shown that Chimpanzees and Spider monkey have similar social structures; they form parties of variable sizes which are smaller when food is scarce. This is very different to the social structure of Gorillas that live in long term groups with a stable membership this suggests that the p rinciples underlying social evolution in the Spider Monkeys and Chimpanzees are different from the Gorillas so we could expect to experience different amounts or different types of social behaviour between these species (Wrangham, 1980) There is a general trend that can be concluded from our results if we look at the amount of social behaviour that was observed, and that is that the Gorilla showed the greatest amount of social behaviour, followed by the Chimpanzee then the Spider Monkey which both showed similar amounts of social behaviour. This supports our hypothesis but a strong conclusion cannot be made because they were observed at different times of day and we cannot make a significant statistical analysis because of the lack of data, so we cannot accept nor prove our hypothesis that â€Å"more ‘advanced’ primate’s make the most use of social behaviour† This experiment would be valuable if we had more time, better knowledge and more insight into how to observe social behaviour. Having more time to observe the primates would improve our observations because we would be able to recognize the different behaviours more clearly giving us stronger results and a larger set of data to work with. References Greenburg G. and Tobach E (1988) Evolution of social behavior and integrative levels. Schneirla conference series volume 3 Kiwanuka B. (2010) Gorilla Intelligence and That of the Other Great Apes, accessed: 13/5/2010. https://www. buzzle. com/articles/gorilla-intelligence-other-great-apes. html Manclean E. L. , Merritt D. J. , Brannon E. M. (2008) Social complexity predicts transitive reasoning in prosimian primates. Animal Behaviour 76 479-486 Pellengrini AD and Smith PK (2005) the nature of play: great apes and humans. The Guilford Press New York Silk J. B. (2007) Components of Fitness in Primate Groups. Science. 317 (5843), 1347-1351 Spehar S. N. ,Link A. and Di Fiore A. (2009) Male and female range use in a group of white- bellied spider monkeys (Ateles belzebuth) in Yasuni National Park, Ecuador Voelkl B. and Noe R. (2008) The influence of social structure on the propagation of social information in artificial primate groups: a graph-based simulation approach. Journal of Theoretical Biology. 252 (1) 77-86 Wrangham R. W. and Smuts B. B (1980) Sex differences in the behavioural ecology of chimpanzees in the Gombe National park, Tanzania. Journals of reproduction and fertility Ltd. 28, 13-31

The, Nature Or Nurture Essay - 1402 Words

Essay Draft: Phase Four For many years scientists have had this question, â€Å"Nature or Nurture?† It is an unsolved argument but there have been many studies and new information that explain just how and why each of these are important in personality development. After researching about this topic it is clear that when it comes to personality development, new studies have proven that while Nature does have some affect on one’s disposition, Nurture by far has a greater effect on the development of one’s personality. While many believe that personality is already developed before birth, this statement is proven to be false. â€Å"Experience untimely rewrites 90 percent of a child’s personality traits, leaving an adult with only one tenth of his inborn temperament† (Peyser and Underwood par. 14). Environment is very important to personality development. Humans love to observe and learn from others, usually someone superior that is admirable and a good example to look up to. Many kids follow their parent’s behavior and become somewhat alike to their mom or dad. Friends also play a big role when it comes to personality development and finding out who They really are or who they would like to become. In fact, friends play one of the most extreme roles because kids want to be like their friends. Children want to fit in with their peers, they do this by repeating the same phrases, wearing the same styles, and listening to the same music. People love the sense of belonging, especia lly inShow MoreRelatedNature And Nurture : Nature Nurture2195 Words   |  9 PagesRUNNING HEAD: NATURE NURTURE ON BEHAVIOUR NATURE This refers to all those characteristics and abilities that are determined by your genes. This is not the same as the characteristics you are born with, because these may have been determined by prenatal environment. In addition some genetic characteristic only appear later in development as a result of the process of maturation. 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Nature, meaning we are structured by our GENES (internal influences), or nurture, shaped by our environment and experiences (external influences). Recent studies has enabled us to see that both these factors are crucial to development and greatly intertwined. Thus, in recent years it has become â€Å"nature, through nurture†. We are able to see GENETIC influence in developmentRead MoreNature Vs Nurture : Nature And Nurture928 Words   |  4 PagesAs mentioned briefly in my self-introduction post, the nature-nurture portion of our textbook is the one part of this course I stated I looked forward to the most. I have always found myself engaged in a constant internal battle regarding nature versus nurture. Adding to this internal battle is the fact that I am married to an identical twin†¦a twin who drastically differs from his brother in several ways. These differences between my husband and his twin have resulted in my questioning if theRead MoreNature Vs. Nurture : Nature And Nurture844 Words   |  4 Pagesis referred to as nature vs. nurture. It poses a question that many theorists have contested. Do human personalities and behaviors relate to our genetic makeup, or are we directly influenced by the environment and people that we are subjected to? What is more important, genes or environment? While some theorists take either one side over the other, some believe that both nature and nurture play an active role in human development. What is the nature side of the debate? Nature mainly refers to geneticRead MoreNature Vs Nurture : Nature Or Nurture874 Words   |  4 Pages Nature or Nurture. Nature may be all of the genes and hereditary factors with which influence them to become who they are such as physical appearances and personality characteristics. Nurturing impacts people’s lives as well as how they are raised and all the environmental factors. In combination, these qualities can be the true identity of oneself. Many people may argue that nurture appears to a play huge factor in the two, but others may think otherwise. Not having both as a characteristic canRead MoreNature And Nurture : Nature Vs. Nurture1780 Words   |  8 PagesAs Nature Made Him: Nature vs. Nurture Human behavior is determined by both biological and environmental factors. Psychologists are interested in learning which of these factors is a greater influence on human behavior and identity. Although psychologists today generally agree that both nature and nurture play a role in conditioning behavior, there is still disagreement about the part that each of the factors have in determining behavior. The nature versus nurture debate focuses around the extentRead MoreNature Vs Nurture : Is The Nature Or Nurture?1300 Words   |  6 PagesAoS 3: Student Directed Research Investigation Unit 1 Psychology - Megan Rodrigues RESEARCH QUESTION How is the nature vs nurture debate related to a consideration of the mental disorder, schizophrenia? INTRODUCTION Schizophrenia is categorized by thoughts or experiences that seem abnormal with reality, disorganized speech or behaviour and decreased participation in regular daily activities. Difficulty with memory and concentration are sometimes also present. The two hit hypothesis generally refersRead MoreNature Vs Nurture : Nature And Nurture1821 Words   |  8 PagesNature and nurture are usually seen as very different things, but they are actually somewhat similar and even integrated. There is a huge debate over which holds more influence over how people develop and whether they behave based on genes or their environment. In Sincero’s article Nature and Nurture Debate she discusses arguments for both sides, saying behavior may be completely in a person’s genes, or it could come from experience and influence. Many people believe â€Å"that the criminal acts, tendencyRead MoreNature Vs. 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Capital City of Tenochtitlan

Tenochtitlà ¡n, located in the heart of what is now Mexico City, was the largest city and capital of the Aztec Empire. Today, Mexico City is still one of the largest cities in the world, despite its unusual setting. It sits on a swampy island in the middle of Lake Texcoco in the Basin of Mexico, a strange place for any  capital, ancient or modern.  Mexico City is ringed by volcanic mountains, including the still-active volcano Popocatà ©petl, and prone to earthquakes, severe flooding, and some of the worst smog on the planet. The story of how the Aztecs selected the location of their capital in such a miserable place is one part legend and another part history.   Although the conquistador Hernà ¡n Cortà ©s did his best to dismantle the city, three 16th century maps of Tenochtitlan survive showing us what the city was like. The earliest map is the Nuremberg or Cortes map of 1524, drawn for the conquistador Cortà ©s, possibly by a local resident. The Uppsala Map was drawn about 1550 by an indigenous person or persons; and the Maguey Plan was made about 1558, although scholars are divided about whether the city depicted is Tenochtitlan or another Aztec city. The Uppsala Map is signed by cosmographer Alonso de Santa Cruz [~1500-1567] who presented the map (with the city spelled as Tenuxititan) to his employer, the Spanish Emperor Carlos V, but scholars do not believe he made the map himself, and it may have been by his students at the Colegio de Santa Cruz at Tenochtitlans sister city Tlatelolco. Legends and Omens Tenochtitlà ¡n was the home of the immigrant Mexica, which is just one of the names for the Aztec people who founded the city in AD 1325. According to legend, the Mexica were one of seven Chichimeca tribes who came to Tenochtitlan from their fabled city of origin, Aztlan (Place of the Herons). They came because of an omen: the Chichimec god Huitzilopochtli, who took the form of an eagle, was seen perched on a cactus eating a snake. The leaders of the Mexica interpreted this as a sign to move their population to an unpleasant, miry, buggy, island in the middle of a lake; and eventually their military prowess and political abilities turned that island into the central agency for conquest, the Mexica snake swallowing most of Mesoamerica. Aztec Culture and Conquest Tenochtitlan of the 14th and 15th centuries A.D. was excellently suited as a place for the Aztec culture to begin the  conquest of Mesoamerica. Even then, the basin of Mexico was densely occupied, and the island city afforded the Mexica a commanding lead over trade in the basin. In addition, they engaged in a series of alliances both with and against their neighbors; the most successful was the Triple Alliance, who as the Aztec Empire overran major portions of what are now the states of Oaxaca, Morelos, Veracruz, and Puebla. By the time of the Spanish conquest in 1519, Tenochtitlà ¡n contained around 200,000 people and covered an area of twelve square kilometers (five square miles). The city was crisscrossed by canals, and the edges of the island city were covered with chinampas, floating gardens that enabled local production of food. A huge marketplace served nearly 60,000 people daily, and in the Sacred Precinct of the city were palaces and temples the like of which Hernà ¡n Cortà ©s had never seen. Cortà ©s was awed, but it didnt stop him from destroying almost all of the citys buildings during his conquest. A Lavish City Several letters from Cortà ©s to his king Charles V described the city as an island city in the center of a lake. Tenochtitlan was laid out in concentric circles, with a central plaza serving as the ritual precinct and the heart of the Aztec empire. The buildings and pavements of the city all barely rose above the level of the lakes and were grouped into clusters by canals and connected by bridges. A densely forested area—the precursor to Chapultepec park—was an important feature of the island, as was water control. Seventeen major floods have struck the city since 1519, one lasting an astounding five years. During Aztec times, a series of aqueducts led from the surrounding lakes into the city, and numerous  causeways connected Tenochtitlan to the other important city-states in the basin. Motecuhzoma II (also known as  Montezuma) was the final ruler at Tenochtitlan, and his lavish main courtyard covered an area measuring 200x200 meters (about 650x650 feet). The palace included a suite of rooms and an open courtyard; around the main palace complex could be found armories and sweat baths, kitchens, guest rooms, music rooms, horticultural gardens, and game preserves. The remnants of some of these are found in Chapultepec Park in Mexico City, although most of the buildings are from later times. Remnants of the Aztec Culture Tenochtitlan fell to Cortes, but only after the bitter and bloody siege of 1520, when the Mexica killed hundreds of conquistadors. Only parts of Tenochtitlan are extant in the city of Mexico; you can get into the ruins of the Templo Mayor, excavated beginning in the 1970s by Matos Moctezuma; and there are ample artifacts at the National Museum of Anthropology (INAH). But if you look hard enough, many other visible aspects of the old Aztec capital are still in place. Street names and place names echo the ancient Nahua city. The Plaza del Volador, for example, was an important location for the Aztec ceremony of the new fire. After 1519, it was transformed first into a place for the Actos de Fe of the Inquisition, then into an arena for bull-fighting, then a market, and finally into the current site of the Supreme Court. Sources Aà ±Ãƒ ³n V. 2012. â€Å"En el lugar de las tunas empedernidas†: Tenochtitlan en las crà ³nicas mestizas. Anales de Literatura Hispanoamericana 41:81-97.Berdan FF. 2014. Aztec Archaeology and Ethnohistory. New York: Cambridge University Press.Hill Boone E. 2011. This new world now revealed: Hernà ¡n Cortà ©s and the presentation of Mexico to Europe. Word Image 27(1):31-46.Là ³pez JF. 2013. The hydrographic city: Mapping Mexico Citys urban form in relation to its aquatic condition, 1521-1700. Cambridge: Massachusetts Institute of Technology.Mundy BE. 2014. Place-Names in Mexico-Tenochtitlan. Ethnohistory 61(2):329-355.Pennock CD. 2011. ‘A Remarkably Patterned Life’: Domestic and Public in the Aztec Household City. Gender History 23(3):528-546.Terraciano K. 2010. Three Texts in One: Book XII of the Florentine Codex. Ethnohistory 57(1):51-72.

Internet Service Provider - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 23 Words: 6793 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/09/16 Category Technology Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? Internship report Arnaud Desmons Epitech 2006 March to August 2006 Internet Service Provider This report is also available at : https://arnaud. desmons. free. fr/desmon_a-roguelink. pdf Grants Pass, Oregon Introduction This report is about my internship at RogueLink LLC covering the period of 6 months from May to August 2006. RogueLink LLC is a US nationwide Internet Service Provider based in Grants Pass Oregon wich mainly provides dialup connections. Oregon is on the west coast of united states. Although broadband technologies (DSL and Cable) are all the rage right now, in reality, a lot of people still only have access to analog phone lines. Dial-up modems will remain a good way to get on the Internet for several years, especially in retired area in United States. When looking for an internship I had three criterias : 1. Language and culture : I wanted to do my internship in a foreign country to improve my english and to discover a different way of life and business cult ure. 2. Technical diversity : a main point was to learn new things and especially not in software enginering, like I did in my formers internship. . Responsabilities : I looked for an experience that will proof I am able to manage things by myself. My job was to make the whole infrastructure stable, up and running. As described in this report I was focused on three main projects : 2 †¢ The mail server migration from Windows to Linux. †¢ The web server migration because of an hardware failure †¢ The billing system migration In parallel, I had to maintain, monitor and improve the infrastructure. Eeach project was a huge challenge regarding both the ? nancial and technical situation of the company and the important number of end-users. As you will ee each project was managed with three main things in mind : †¢ Simplicity : I was the single administrator and a too complex infrastructure would be both dif? cult to explain and dif? cult to use for non technicians (acco unt creation, passwords, dependencies between services). I keep it simple as much as possible. †¢ Stability : because nobody would be there after me for administration I had to make it automatized as much as possible (scheduled monitoring emails, self-learning anti-spam). Keeping simple the system also contributed to keep it stable. †¢ Security : the stability of the system also depends of its security. As I worked in this domain before I tried to keep everything secure (unfortunately in the limit of the ? rst point). 3 CONTENTS Contents 1 Organizational aspects 1. 1 1. 2 1. 3 1. 4 RogueLink LLC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Internet Access in southern Oregon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The internship . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Timeline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 6 7 7 8 9 2 Technical aspects 2. 1 2. 1. 1 2. 1. 2 2. 1. 3 2. 1. 4 2. 1. 5 2. 1. 6 2. 1. 7 2. 1. 8 2. 1. 2. 2 Mail server migration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 The old system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Accounts and password recovery from the old system . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Mailboxes synchronisation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Address books . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Mailing lists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Mail aliases (forwarding) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Firewall and DNS preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 The new system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Database and backups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 2. 1. 10 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Web server migratio n (IIS, Frontpage, Webtrends and FTP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 2. 2. 1 2. 2. 2 2. 2. 3 2. 2. 4 2. 3 2. 3. 1 2. 3. 2 2. 3. 3 2. 3. 4 Why . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 What . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 How . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Freeside . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Data extractions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 PayPal extension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Billing system migration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 4 CONTENTS 3 Conclusion 3. 1 3. 2 25 Technical conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 General conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 5 1 ORGANIZATIONAL ASPECTS 1 Organizational aspects 1. 1 RogueLink LLC RogueLink LLC, formerly EchoWeb, was created about 10 years ago. It was a very successfull company until the year 2000. The main activities of the company are : †¢ Internet connections : they provide dial up and adsl connections to the internet, with associated services such as email, personnals web pages, hotline support. †¢ Web hosting and domain registration. Website design is subcontracted. Shopping carts to sell products online are also provided. Computer repair for customers who have problems connecting to the internet. The dial-up technical infrastructure used to be owned by RogueLink but is actually now subcontracted by a nation wide operator named GlobalPOP. RogueLink manage their customer using a web interface from them but still have to bill customers. While the main product sold by RogueLink is still Dial Up connections, some people request faster connections, and RogueLink has to provide ADSL connections. The company started to provide ADSL connections last year, but it was stopped as it was found to be pro? table only for very important numbers of customers. Instead, ADSL connections are subcontracted to an other company in Grants Pass, whose name is VISP. They already suffered a ? re in the server room which destroyed many computers and caused the loss of many customers. At the moment, the company has about 800 customers using Dial Up connection, about 200 using DSL, and about 200 websites hosted. 6 1 ORGANIZATIONAL ASPECTS 1. 2 Internet Access in southern Oregon Most of the people in Grants Pass and around are connecting to the internet using 56k DialUp. Three reasons for that : †¢ Local phone calls are free, which makes it quite cheap to connect any amount of time. DSL or Cable connections are a lot more expensive, and are not worth the price for what most people want to do: sending/receiving emails, visiting a few web pages †¢ A lot of people are living outside of the city, in the forest, therefore they don’t have access to DSL or cable : Even if the number of people moving to DSL and cable is important, there remain an important number of dial up users, which is probably the reason why RogueLink is still pro? table. There are not that many big companies providing dial up internet access at low prices everywhere in the United States. However, there are still a lot of users connected to local ISP, even if it is a little more expensive. The main reason is not technical, it is the support. For experienced users it does not always make a big difference to connect to a local ISP, however for other users, they know that if they have problems connecting they can have free hotline support, or they can bring their computer and have it repaired, they can come and have their questions answered. This is what makes the difference with big ISPs, and probably why there still is a lot of small ISPs in the united states. The wireless market tend to show up more now with company like Clearwire. RogueLink is starting to get partenarship with this company to counter the dial-up death. 1. 3 The internship RogueLink is used to hire trainee from both Epita and Epitech and others french school and university. I found this internship thanks to a student from Epita who made an announce on school newsgroups. It was not easy to obtain on time the J-1 visa required for this kind of internship. Indeed, it was properly the time France was not able to provide biometric passports. So the United States immigration administration was ? oded of visa request for simple tourists (instead of passport). 7 1 ORGANIZATIONAL ASPECTS I was hosted by and near the house of my managers, Kate and Jacques LeCompte, owners of the business. The company is split in two different places located at about 20 minutes by car from each other : †¢ The server room, where all the servers are is a few miles away from the downtown where the of? ce is located. †¢ The of? ce is where customers can come and pay their bill, bring their computer to have it repaired, ask questions about their dialup connection or web hosting, etc This is also where the hotline support is located. I was working most of the time at the of? ce. This allowed me to be in contact with customers and to be aware of issues as soon as possible in order to give advice to hotliners. The hotline support was really knowledgable and Linux enthousiasts so I had no dif? culties to explain things. I was working on the servers remotely, using terminal services1 and ssh from my linux laptop. Sometime, I had to take my car and go to the server room. 1. 4 Timeline The ? rst month was more to acknowledge the system and what would be my projects. I had also to start organising thoses projects to see how long it will take for each one. The mail server migration took about two month (including the canceled outsourcing project). The web server migration took one month. The billing system set up took also one month. Services or Terminal Server Edition (TSE) is a component of Microsoft Windows NT operating systems (both client and server versions) that allows a user to access applications or data stored on a remote computer over a network connection. Terminal Services is Microsoft’s take on server centric computing, which allows individual users to access network resources easily. Terminal 8 2 TECHNICAL ASPECTS 2 Technical aspects This section is split into three parts. It is related to main projects I worked on, but as a reccurent background task I had to monitor services and to ? x some little issues, like buying new SSL2 certi? cats for online carts, adding new domain names in our DNS, setting up new web sites, ? xing front page extensions3 . For instance, I also had to delete a shopping cart customer’s account directly into t he SQL database. The ? rst week I was here, it was mainly to take notes on how the infrastructure is running. Thanks to a wiki4 ? led by formers trainees I was able to learn more faster but some of thoses informations was also obsoletes. I also set up some scripts for graphing the network activity on the DMZ5 : are cryptographic protocols which provide secure communications on the Internet for such things as e-mail, internet faxing, and other data transfers. 3 Software technology that allows Frontpage clients editor to communicate with web servers, and provide additional functionality intended for websites. Frequent security problems have marked the history of this Microsoft proprietary technology. A wiki is a type of website that allows users to easily add, remove, or otherwise edit and change some available content, sometimes without the need for registration. This ease of interaction and operation makes a wiki an effective tool for collaborative authoring. 5 DMZ stands for DeMili tarized Zone. In computer security terminology, a DMZ is a network area that sits between an organization’s internal network and an external network, usually the Internet. 2 Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) and Transport Layer Security (TLS), its successor, 9 2 TECHNICAL ASPECTS We have a 5Mb bandwith on both way thru ? er optic provided by Charter. We have 30 IP addresses (/27 block) with this connection. 10 2 TECHNICAL ASPECTS 2. 1 Mail server migration The mail migration was for sure the most usefull, dif? cult, sensitive task I had to do during this internship. I will explain here : †¢ Why this server migration was necessary and urgent. †¢ What was part of the migration (password recoveries, mailbox synchronisations, address books, webmail, mailing lists, aliases, administrators and administration interface) †¢ How I did the migration (DNS, ? rewall, choose of components, scripts). 2. . 1 The old system When I arrived, the mail server that was used was IMail v8. 05 from Ipswitch on a Windows 2000 server, which is probably one of the worst email server program available. The main problems with this server were : 1. Ipswitch Imail is RFC ignorant (RFC 1893 or 3463). For instance, when a server answer with an Error code beginning with the number 4, it means that it is a Persistent Transient Failure, not a Permanent Failure, and sending again in the the future the same message may be successful. Imail doesn’t and bounce the message with a  « user unknow  ». Knowing the fact that most spammers won’t take the time to send again their message when they receive a temporary some people had the idea to use a method called Greylisting6 to block a signi? cant amounts of spam by ? rst rejecting an email from an unknown server with a temporary error (with an error message begining with a 4), then accepting and adding the sending server to a whitelist when it try to send again the same email after a certain amount of time. The spams a re then rejected while the emails sent using a regular email server are received. The problem is that the IMail server doesn’t handle this correctly, and it was not possible for our customers to send emails to servers implementing GreyListing because of the  « unknown user  » problem. is a simple method of defending electronic mail users against e-mail spam. In short, a mail transfer agent which uses greylisting will temporarily reject any email from a sender it does not recognize. If the mail is legitimate, the originating server will try again to send it later, at which time the destination will accept it. If the mail is from a spammer, it will probably not be retried 6 Greylisting 1 2 TECHNICAL ASPECTS 2. The server used to crash for no reasons and needed to be reboot very often to  « solve  » problems. 3. We had hackers, directly logged on windows (moving the mouse and everything. . . very impressive to see ! ) using our system to send spam. 4. The con? guratio n is saved in the Windows Registry which is horrible. 5. All the con? guration and management of accounts is done using a Graphical User Interface (which is not convenient for scripting tasks). The GUI is program that allow you to crash the whole mail server in a few clicks. It happened to me once but fortunately I had a backup of the Windows Registry. 6. The program lacks many options, and is not modular. For example it is not possible to add external spam ? ters, add special routing instructions, add greylisting. For all thoses reasons it was more than urgent to switch this server to a quality open-sourced one. 2. 1. 2 Accounts and password recovery from the old system As explained the IMail windows server stored accounts into the windows registry. I installed ActivePerl, wich is a bring of the Unix Perl to the Windows plateform and the Win32::TieRegistry Perl module. Then, I wrote a scripts to extract user attributs, including the encrypted password. The password algorithm used on the old system was not a common one (like crypt, md5 or sha1) which made impossible to copy encrypted passwords directly because the new system would not be able to use them. However, thanks to a very weak and sadly amusing encryption algorithm on the old system it was possible to extract, decrypt and re-encrypt them with a usable algorithm (crypt) for the new system. 12 2 TECHNICAL ASPECTS The encrypted password in hexadecimal was in fact the addition of the email address and the clear password. This was done with a few ef? cients lines of Perl : # my $mail = test; # my $password = BDD4EAE2EDD4E8; my @hex_mail = unpack(C*, $mail); my ($i, @decrypted_password, @hex_password); while ($password) { push @hex_password, hex(substr($password, 0, 2, †)); } foreach (@hex_password) { push @decrypted_password, ($_ $hex_mail[$i++ % length($mail)]); } print pack(C*, @decrypted_password). ; 2. 1. 3 Mailboxes synchronisation Another dif? culty was that the migration had to be transparent for end-users. I had to plan synchronization of their mailboxes so it will take a minimum amount of time during the migration. I used a recurrent approach for that. The ? rst time it was really long to syncronize mailboxes using the IMAP protocol and during this long time new messages came. So I did it again and it take a little less time. So, during this inferior amout of time a little less messages came, etc At the end it took only about 6 hours so it was enough for doing that the night of the migration. I also prevent a problem that would be catastrophic if not noticed. Indeed, POP3 uses special IDs, wich are named UID, to know which messages were already downloaded by the end-users. If thoses UID are not synchronized between the old and the new system, then all users would have to download all their emails again. Those would be very unconvenient for end-users that use slow dial-up connections for instance and would result in a lot of phone calls. Besides that, everybody downloading all their mails would made a huge load on our server. Thanks to the fact that the old mail server kept those id directly in messages I was able to con? gure the new system to use them. 13 2 TECHNICAL ASPECTS 2. 1. 4 Address books In the old webmail their was address books. I had to extract thoses, using Perl scripts, to put them in the new webmail database which use a different format. Old address books were stored in a different ? les and directory for each domain and we host about 200 domains The new database of address books was really usefull for the new anti-spam system as I will explain there after. 2. 1. 5 Mailing lists7 They were also important mailing lists on the old mail server, used by hundreds of people. Because they were not so many and because it was pretty easy to set them up on the new linux server. I did that manually and just cut and past members’ email of each mailing lists. The main part for this job was to explain to each admi nistrator of each list how the new system works. It was pretty successful. 2. 1. 6 Mail aliases (forwarding) I had to extract, using Perl scripts, each redirection rule in the 200 domains we host. That was not easy because the old system had different ways to store aliases. Most of them were stocked into the Windows registry and it was scriptable so. But for the other ones I had to extract them manualy using the GUI. 2. 1. 7 Firewall and DNS8 preparation Because updating DNS for the new server can be pretty random, I prefered to use TCP redirections. So if their was a problem, it would be for everybody and a lot more easy to ? x. Also it would be possible to switch back to the old system really quick. The rollback possibility was really important and I take care of that in every step of the migration. mailing list is a collection of names and addresses used by an individual or an organization to send material to multiple recipients. 8 The domain name system (DNS) stores and assoc iates many types of information with domain names, but most importantly, it translates domain names (computer hostnames) to IP addresses. It also lists mail exchange servers accepting e-mail for each domain. In providing a worldwide keyword-based redirection service, DNS is an essential component of contemporary Internet use. 7A 14 2 TECHNICAL ASPECTS I ? rst updated DNS for all domains we host to point to a ? rewall that will do the redirection. I had to use bash and perl scripting to update all domains. Then, I did the switch on the router a few days after the DNS so I was sure that everybody was using the router. 2. 1. 8 The new system The new system improved a lot of things and I had a lot better control on what is going on with the system. It allows access to more detailed log ? les. I was also able to set up some cron 9 tasks to email the hotline support about biggest mailboxes every week for instance or to email me the mailing lists activity or the backup results. Anti- spam Before, there was only greylisting thanks to a linux mail relay in front of the IMail windows server. Because the new system is a linux system we were able to do the greylisting directly on the server. There was also blacklist like relays. ordb. org, an Open Relay DataBase or bl. spamcop. net, A fast and automatic list of servers reported to send spam. But there was still spam so I setted up a statistical spam ? lter. Statistical ? ltering, once set up, requires no maintenance per se: instead, users mark messages as spam or nonspam and the ? ltering software learns from these judgements. Thus, a statistical ? lter does not re? ect the software author’s or administrator’s biases as to content, but it does re? ect the user’s biases as to content; a biochemist who is researching Viagra won’t have messages containing the word Viagra ? agged as spam, because Viagra will show up often in his or her legitimate messages. A statistical ? ter can also respo nd quickly to changes in spam content, without administrative intervention. The task here was to provide a convenient way for customers to feed Bogo? lter with spam and non-spam. It is really important to provide both spam and non-spam or the ? ltering would be catastrophic. The webmail provides a convenient way for end users to report messages as spam via an HTTP link. They do it well after we explained to them that doing so will reduce their amount of spam. cron server, found in Unix and Unix-like operating systems, is used to schedule commands to be executed periodically. A 15 2 TECHNICAL ASPECTS The amount of spam reported decrease of 90% ! I assume that users receive 90% less spam than at the begining of the ? lter learning proccess. I had some congratulations from customers about that. For non-spam, I ? nd out that all the address books that customers have in the webmail would be a good way to mark as non-spam messages coming from people in thoses address books. I did a script on the mail server that look into the address books database for every message comming in. If the expeditor is into an address book then the message will be marked as non-spam. I used also what we call  «spam traps ». This is non-used mailboxes, with names choosen to be easily spammed like ? rstnames or  «info », or  «contact », etc. . . All messages received from thoses mailboxes are then automatically reported as spam to the statistical ? lter. 16 2 TECHNICAL ASPECTS Webmail The new webmail is Horde IMP which is a famous open source webmail. It is based on IMAP and allows customers to report problems easily, to manage their address book and folders and to report messages as spam. They can also set up ? ltering using both withlist and blacklist but as far as the anti-spam is ef? ient enough they don’t use it so much. There is also online help but the system is pretty intuitive. I customized a little bit default options after getting some customers feedback. I had to write scripts to update the con? guration database for each customers. 17 2 TECHNICAL ASPECTS Administration interface The new administration interface is simple which is certainly the main quality of it. The old one was really slow. Now, this is more like a frontend on the backend database used by the mail system. Here you can create, delete, and change password of those more than 2,000 accounts split on 200 domains we host. This interface is accessible also for each domain administrators with a different level of permissions. Indeed, I had to write scripts to extract kind of  «? ags » into the windows registry of the old system to distinguish normal user and administrators. On the new system, endusers can also change their password using a dedicated part of the administration interface. This is a security improvement (negligeable regarding the improvement from Windows to Linux) because it was not possible on the old system. 18 2 TECHNICAL ASPECTS 2. 1. 9 Database an d backups The new system use an SQL database to store encrypted passwords. The Post? SMTP server and Dovecot POP3 server both use this database to check passwords. Thanks to this database, a backup of the accounts is made every day on another server. Because people don’t leave their messages in their mailboxes too long a bacup of them would be both dif? cult and not so usefull. 2. 1. 10 Conclusion The migration was a great success. Although I took all precautions there was still risks but I didn’t have to switch back to the old system. The system is actually really stable and end-users are already used to it. Every day, domain’s administrators use the administration interface and end-users report spam via the webmail. There was a project to outsource the mail server to a dedicated hosting service but the project was canceled by my managers. Also, the greylisting was at ? rst on a separate outsourced server but the company that was hosting this server disconne ct it after a delay in their payment. I had to install the greylisting service on the new server and everything was ? ne but it was a huge change. 19 2 TECHNICAL ASPECTS 2. 2 Web server migration (IIS, Frontpage, Webtrends and FTP) This task was less complex than the mail migration but the dif? culy here was to ? d out a way to automatize the procedure to avoid errors and to get it done as soon as possible. For most of the tasks I found how to automatize the migration but for some others I had to do it manually. This project was also a good opportunity because I was not used to Windows servers. 2. 2. 1 Why When I arrived, the IIS web server (Microsoft Internet Information Services) had only one hard drive left out of the six slots available. It was more than urgent to ? x that because the single hard drive could die at any time, bringing in his death the hundreds of web sites we host. We host company’s website and shopping cart. Some of them process thousands of dollars a day. No need to say that any interruption of service would not be appreciated. Because it was too risky to put new hard drives and try a syncronisation with the one left, we set up a new server. I had to automatise as much as possible web domains creation. On top of domains thereselves there was a lot of related services like FTP10 , Webtrends11 and frontpage extensions to set up. The migration was also a good way to clean up the GUI from a bunch of old websites. The security was also improved because there was kind of  « leeping  » viruses on the old IIS server. 2. 2. 2 What I had to move 200 web domains. Which means also more than 200 ftp accounts and about 100 frontpage extension enabled domains. The database used for online shops was on a separate server and was not part of the migration. Most of the websites use ASP12 scripts but also PHP13 scripts. I spent a lot of time studying the possibility to switch to a Linux server. However, because of ASP and because a lot of custo mers use frontpage extensions which are both not available on Linux, it or ? le transfer protocol is a commonly used protocol for exchanging ? es over any network that supports the TCP/IP protocol (such as the Internet or an intranet). 11 Webtrends is a software that analyses IIS log ? les to generate statistical reports on web sites 12 Active Server Pages (ASP) is Microsoft’s server-side technology for dynamically-generated web pages that is marketed as an add-on to Internet Information Services (IIS). 13 Php Hypertext Preprocessor (recursive acronyme) is an open-source, re? ective programming language. Originally designed as a high level scripting language for producing dynamic Web pages, PHP is used mainly in server-side application software 10 FTP 0 2 TECHNICAL ASPECTS was decided to stay on Windows. We tried also Windows 2003 but it was too expensive for the company regarding its low improvement. The migration was ? naly from a Windows 2000 to a Windows 2000. 2. 2. 3 How I ? rst copied all web directories on the new server. Then, thanks to the  « Automating Administration for IIS 5. 0  » documentation on Microsoft TechNet I found a way to create a new web domain from the command line using mkw3site and adsutil. I did a perl script that generated a little script for each domain based on its directory name. For FTP accounts, I didn’t ? nd a way to automatize the process but I was able to create an account using less than 10 keyboard shortcuts (including copy-past of the password from the wiki). So I did it manually. . . I tried also to protect the web server via a reverse proxy 14 . It was ? ne for web browsing but because frontpage extensions use NTLM15 it was not possible to break the ? ow with a reverse proxy for this part and I had to remove the reverse proxy. 2. 2. 4 Conclusion When everything was ready on the new server I just changed the DNS. It was successful, we just ? d out after the migration that some ASP scripts were broken because they needed some DLL16 library not yet installed on the new server but it was a quick ? x. I didn’t put back web statistics just after the migration and I did right because a really few people claimed them. So I put them back one by one and it was ? ne. reverse proxy is a proxy server that is installed typically in front of a webserver. All connections coming from the Internet addressed to one of the webservers are routed through the proxy server, which may either deal with the request itself or pass the request wholly or partially to the main webserver. This is done mainly for security reasons. 15 NTLM is a computer networking security protocol which operates in a variety of Microsoft Windows network protocols for authentication purposes. 16 DLL stands for Dynamic-Link Library. It is Microsoft’s implementation of the shared library concept in the Microsoft Windows operating systems. These libraries usually have the ? le extension DLL, OCX (for libraries co ntaining ActiveX controls), or DRV (for legacy system drivers). 14 A 21 2 TECHNICAL ASPECTS 2. 3 Billing system migration The actual system is running for a while and start to be wasted by a irrelevent data. Setting a new system would help ? rst to clean the database. On top of that, the actual billing system is completely disconnected from the technical infrastructure. Freeside was advised by the former student and looks to be an interesting solution. It would be possible, for instance, to create accounts automaticaly on the new mail system, or to disconnect someone that does not pay anymore. The ambicious idea is to run a completly standalone infrastructure where people can subscribe and pay online. Right now, RogueLink need an of? e and an employee to receive payments and also need someone to collect the postal payments, send invoices, going to the bank, etc. . . 2. 3. 1 Freeside Freeside is an open-source billing, ticketing and automation system for ISPs and online businesses . It has a web based interface. It is written in Perl and it is easily customizable because full source code is available under the GNU GPL. Freeside also provide a customer interface so they can pay, signup online and change their password. Bills sent by Freeside are also very neat and professional thanks to LaTex17 (this is also what is used for this report). One disadvantage of Freeside is that its doesn’t look professional but because it is open source we should ask a web designer to make it more fancy. Also, I didn’t like the way it is packaged. It put ? les everywhere and it is even hard to remove it cleanly. . . 2. 3. 2 Data extractions The old billing system use a SQL Server database to store all its data so I was able to extract customers data to put them into the PostgreSQL database of Freeside using a Perl script. There is three kinds of data : †¢ Customers data : contains name, address, phone number, etc. . . s a document preparation system for the TEX typesetting program. It is used mainly by mathematicians, scientists, and engineers in academia. It is also widely used by people outside of these ? elds as a primary or intermediate format (e. g. translating DocBook and other XML-based formats to PDF) due to the quality of typesetting achieved by TEX 17 LaTex 22 2 TECHNICAL ASPECTS †¢ Packages : contains the price and a billing frequency of a service provided by the company. †¢ Provisioning data : contains data to synchronize accounts with the technical infrastructure (mail, DNS, web sites). I extracted only customers data as it was planned we will associate them to packages progressively. I also set up a provisioning source for the mail system and a test package to test the PayPal payments. 2. 3. 3 PayPal extension The most popular way to get paid on internet today is certainely PayPal. PayPal, was used to allow PayPal members to transfert PayPal money to others PayPal members (merchants) thanks to their email add ress. But PayPal diversi? ed then and now allow to use direct payments (with credit card). They provide API18 for credit card payment in a way that is possible to make it transparent for end users. The API is working with several languages as it uses an abstraction layer called SOAP19 for sending and receiving data or for triggering RPC (Remote Procedure Call). There was no PayPal extension provided with Freeside. But as far as the former provide a good and simple API for adding new extensions I wrote one for PayPal support into Freeside and put it under GPL on my website. This is a Perl module of about hundred lines that actually makes the interface between Freeside and PayPal using the SOAP protocol. PayPal provide a really good way to test their API. The concept of sandbox paypal account is that you can send and receive money but it’s virtual money. application programming interface (API) is the interface that a computer system, library or application provides in ord er to allow requests for services to be made of it by other computer programs, and/or to allow data to be exchanged between them. 19 SOAP is a protocol for exchanging XML-based messages over a computer network, normally using HTTP. SOAP forms the foundation layer of the Web services stack, providing a basic messaging framework that more abstract layers can build on. 8 An 23 2 TECHNICAL ASPECTS 2. 3. 4 Conclusion The system was ready, but it was not really intuitive and stable and would require a lot of time to ? x and learn it. As it was my last month and because there was many other projects it is not used right now. Anyway, this project was a good way to see how a billing system works and especially for ISP 20 . However, I had to move the actual billing server from the of? ce to the server room because the server was not in the best environement for a so important service. In term of air-conditioning, power supply, monitoring, security, etc. . 20 Internet Service Provider 24 3 CON CLUSION 3 Conclusion 3. 1 Technical conclusion My main motivation since I arrived, after understanding the situation, was to be able to leave 6 months later whith a stable, secure, up and running system that I would not have to worry about anymore. I had no problems to achieve my goal with the good practical oriented training we got at Epitech. I was able to work on things I never used before because I already learned to learn. For making it short, this internship was a struggle against three things : spam, hardware failures, and. . frontpage. Technically, it was really diversi? ed and mixed Windows and Unix administration, networking, scripts coding and developpements for the new billing system. System administration was also a new domain for me. Although I was used to the technical components, I had to think more with an end-user point of view in mind. That will help for any of my futur jobs because there is always a question of end-users. To sum up, the security and stability wer e improved thanks to linux and, on windows servers, thanks to anti-virus checks and updates. Backups were also made. The monitoring was ef? cient and it never takes long to aknowledge problems. I had a taste of system administration and I measured how oppressing it is. I was never totaly. I was monitoring and even ? xed things on the week-end. We had hard drive issues, serveral power outages (for the whole city) and our connexion provider had sometimes hours of blackout. This internship was a good opportunity to take responsabilites. Indeed, one single error on the mail or web migration would be fatal for the company. So, I had to elaborate procedures and often had to be very prompt ? ding solutions in case of problems because hundreds of people (and sometimes whole business) would be blocked otherwise. I had to manage priorities because problems were often related between them. I took initiatives and it was a good learning to measure each risk and to justify them. I establish ho w to do technically each mission, like choosing the components for new infrastructure (post? x, post? xadmin, dovecot, postgresql) or migrating tools (adsutils, imapsync). It was interesting to 25 3 CONCLUSION plan each step and prevent possible problems. It was like designing a software as I did in my formers internships. 3. 2 General conclusion It was interesting to see how a small business works, how it is vital to spare money and to make strategic choices. I used to speak with the manager, Jacques, and he advices me a lot on management and strategy. I was sometime alone at the of? ce and had to welcome customers, take care of their requests if possible or take messages. I had also to communicate with the hotline support to notice incoming problems or to advice on what to say or what to ask to customers. A good thing was to ear the hotline support. This contribute to improve my english and I learned a lot on how to speak to customers. However, one disadvantage of this inter nship was maybe not being able to work in team but just trying to explain what I was doing. Humanly, it was really enriching to meet American folks of any ages and with diversi? ed personalities. Globally, it was surprising how nice they are and particularly in Grants Pass where is located RogueLink. I had for instance the opportunity to assist, as a French guest, to french classes and it was fun trying to explain my  « french  » point of view on the middle east or on the American gas consuming and so forth. . Besides the valuable apport on my resume, the experience of the United States was a main point. It allows me to improve my English, to meet American people and visit San Francisco, the Silicon Valley, the Napa Valley, Seattle, Crater Lake, Las Vegas, Monument Valley, the Grand Canyon. Small cities all around Grants Pass were also beautifull. Great memories so ! 26 3 CONCLUSION Thanks I want to thanks Jacques and Kate for their welcoming. Dwayne and Gail for their collabora tion. The Epitech school staff. The french class’ students for having so much fun with them. The Bay Bridge which connects San Francisco with Oakland and the East Bay. 27 3 CONCLUSION Glossary ASP ASP stands Active Server Pages. It is Microsoft’s server-side technology for dynamicallygenerated web pages that is marketed as an add-on to Internet Information Services (IIS). DMZ stands for DeMilitarized Zone. In computer security terminology, a DMZ is a network area that sits between an organization’s internal network and an external network, usually the Internet. The domain name system (DNS) stores and associates many types of information with domain names, but most importantly, it translates domain names (computer hostnames) to IP addresses. It also lists mail exchange servers accepting e-mail for each domain. In providing a worldwide keyword-based redirection service, DNS is an essential component of contemporary Internet use. FTP or ? le transfer protocol is a commonly used protocol for exchanging ? les over any network that supports the TCP/IP protocol (such as the Internet or an intranet). Greylisting is a simple method of defending electronic mail users against e-mail spam. In short, a mail transfer agent which uses greylisting will temporarily reject any email from a sender it does not recognize. If the mail is legitimate, the originating server will try again to send it later, at which time the destination will accept it. If the mail is from a spammer, it will probably not be retried IMAP IMAP allows users to access new messages instantly on their computers, since the mail is stored on the network. With POP3, users either download the e-mail to their computer or access it via the web. Both methods take longer than IMAP, and the user must either download any new mail or refresh the page to see the new messages. Php Hypertext Preprocessor (recursive acronyme) is an open-source, re? ective programming language. Originally de signed as a high level scripting language for producing dynamic Web pages, PHP is used mainly in server-side application software. Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) and Transport Layer Security (TLS), its successor, are cryptographic protocols which provide secure communications on the Internet for such things as e-mail, internet faxing, and other data transfers. DMZ DNS FTP Greylist PHP SSL 28 3 CONCLUSION TCP TCP stands for Transmission Control Protocol. This is one of the core protocols of the Internet protocol suite. Using TCP, applications on networked hosts can create connections to one another, over which they can exchange data in packets. TSE Terminal Services or Terminal Server Edition (TSE) is a component of Microsoft Windows NT operating systems (both client and server versions) that allows a user to access applications or data stored on a remote computer over a network connection. Terminal Services is Microsoft’s take on server centric computing, which allows indiv idual users to access network resources easily. Wiki a Wiki is a type of website that allows users to easily add, remove, or otherwise edit and change some available content, sometimes without the need for registration. This ease of interaction and operation makes a wiki an effective tool for collaborative authoring. 29 Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Internet Service Provider" essay for you Create order

Evaluation of an Advertisement Essay - 670 Words

Evaluation of an Advertisement Advertising is to persuade people to buy their product or in this case encouraging people to send money to help its charity. However to persuade people isnt that easy, you have to use the correct wording, and things such as power of three, alliteration in order to persuade that customer/person. In this advertisement many of these things are used. They really make you want to send a donation. They make you feel really sorry for those children in Africa, Kenya and Uganda. In the 1st paragraph they use of three poverty, hunger and malnutrition these three words a summary of what is East Africa. You might think nothing will change, this is short sentence suggesting†¦show more content†¦They make you think about how fortunate we are. They make you feel guilty in some way. Livestock development leads to people development and passing on the gift is all about how we can help. 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