The, Nature Or Nurture Essay - 1402 Words

Essay Draft: Phase Four For many years scientists have had this question, â€Å"Nature or Nurture?† It is an unsolved argument but there have been many studies and new information that explain just how and why each of these are important in personality development. After researching about this topic it is clear that when it comes to personality development, new studies have proven that while Nature does have some affect on one’s disposition, Nurture by far has a greater effect on the development of one’s personality. While many believe that personality is already developed before birth, this statement is proven to be false. â€Å"Experience untimely rewrites 90 percent of a child’s personality traits, leaving an adult with only one tenth of his inborn temperament† (Peyser and Underwood par. 14). Environment is very important to personality development. Humans love to observe and learn from others, usually someone superior that is admirable and a good example to look up to. Many kids follow their parent’s behavior and become somewhat alike to their mom or dad. Friends also play a big role when it comes to personality development and finding out who They really are or who they would like to become. In fact, friends play one of the most extreme roles because kids want to be like their friends. Children want to fit in with their peers, they do this by repeating the same phrases, wearing the same styles, and listening to the same music. People love the sense of belonging, especia lly inShow MoreRelatedNature And Nurture : Nature Nurture2195 Words   |  9 PagesRUNNING HEAD: NATURE NURTURE ON BEHAVIOUR NATURE This refers to all those characteristics and abilities that are determined by your genes. This is not the same as the characteristics you are born with, because these may have been determined by prenatal environment. In addition some genetic characteristic only appear later in development as a result of the process of maturation. Supporters of nature have been called natavist. NURTURE This refers to the influence of experience, i.e, what is learnedRead MoreNature Vs Nurture : Nature And Nurture994 Words   |  4 PagesNature and Nurture: How They Interact in Human Development Nature or Nurture, which of these are the most important in shaping who we are? â€Å"Are genetics or environmental factors more important?† (Berk, 2014, p. 5) Researchers have been arguing whether nature or nurture is the most influential force in shaping human beings for a long time. The answer seems to be a complex combination of both nature and nurture. One thing that everybody can agree on is that human beings are more than the sum of ourRead MoreNature Through Nurture : Nature And Nurture1207 Words   |  5 PagesEmily Yang Psych 21 Nature Through Nurture For many years we have questioned whether humans are shaped by NATURE or NURTURE. Nature, meaning we are structured by our GENES (internal influences), or nurture, shaped by our environment and experiences (external influences). Recent studies has enabled us to see that both these factors are crucial to development and greatly intertwined. Thus, in recent years it has become â€Å"nature, through nurture†. We are able to see GENETIC influence in developmentRead MoreNature Vs Nurture : Nature And Nurture928 Words   |  4 PagesAs mentioned briefly in my self-introduction post, the nature-nurture portion of our textbook is the one part of this course I stated I looked forward to the most. I have always found myself engaged in a constant internal battle regarding nature versus nurture. Adding to this internal battle is the fact that I am married to an identical twin†¦a twin who drastically differs from his brother in several ways. These differences between my husband and his twin have resulted in my questioning if theRead MoreNature Vs. Nurture : Nature And Nurture844 Words   |  4 Pagesis referred to as nature vs. nurture. It poses a question that many theorists have contested. Do human personalities and behaviors relate to our genetic makeup, or are we directly influenced by the environment and people that we are subjected to? What is more important, genes or environment? While some theorists take either one side over the other, some believe that both nature and nurture play an active role in human development. What is the nature side of the debate? Nature mainly refers to geneticRead MoreNature Vs Nurture : Nature Or Nurture874 Words   |  4 Pages Nature or Nurture. Nature may be all of the genes and hereditary factors with which influence them to become who they are such as physical appearances and personality characteristics. Nurturing impacts people’s lives as well as how they are raised and all the environmental factors. In combination, these qualities can be the true identity of oneself. Many people may argue that nurture appears to a play huge factor in the two, but others may think otherwise. Not having both as a characteristic canRead MoreNature And Nurture : Nature Vs. Nurture1780 Words   |  8 PagesAs Nature Made Him: Nature vs. Nurture Human behavior is determined by both biological and environmental factors. Psychologists are interested in learning which of these factors is a greater influence on human behavior and identity. Although psychologists today generally agree that both nature and nurture play a role in conditioning behavior, there is still disagreement about the part that each of the factors have in determining behavior. The nature versus nurture debate focuses around the extentRead MoreNature Vs Nurture : Is The Nature Or Nurture?1300 Words   |  6 PagesAoS 3: Student Directed Research Investigation Unit 1 Psychology - Megan Rodrigues RESEARCH QUESTION How is the nature vs nurture debate related to a consideration of the mental disorder, schizophrenia? INTRODUCTION Schizophrenia is categorized by thoughts or experiences that seem abnormal with reality, disorganized speech or behaviour and decreased participation in regular daily activities. Difficulty with memory and concentration are sometimes also present. The two hit hypothesis generally refersRead MoreNature Vs Nurture : Nature And Nurture1821 Words   |  8 PagesNature and nurture are usually seen as very different things, but they are actually somewhat similar and even integrated. There is a huge debate over which holds more influence over how people develop and whether they behave based on genes or their environment. In Sincero’s article Nature and Nurture Debate she discusses arguments for both sides, saying behavior may be completely in a person’s genes, or it could come from experience and influence. Many people believe â€Å"that the criminal acts, tendencyRead MoreNature Vs. Nurture : Nature And Nurture1794 Words   |  8 Pagesworld today,there are many things tha t brings great disagreements and controversy, nature versus nurture is one of these issues. Nature versus nurture argues the differences between traits that are inherited and the environment that surrounds us. Nature is simply the characteristics that we inherit at birth which make up our personality, physical maturity, intellectual capacity and interactions with others. Nurture involves the way the environment on our personality, physical maturity, intellectual

Capital City of Tenochtitlan

Tenochtitlà ¡n, located in the heart of what is now Mexico City, was the largest city and capital of the Aztec Empire. Today, Mexico City is still one of the largest cities in the world, despite its unusual setting. It sits on a swampy island in the middle of Lake Texcoco in the Basin of Mexico, a strange place for any  capital, ancient or modern.  Mexico City is ringed by volcanic mountains, including the still-active volcano Popocatà ©petl, and prone to earthquakes, severe flooding, and some of the worst smog on the planet. The story of how the Aztecs selected the location of their capital in such a miserable place is one part legend and another part history.   Although the conquistador Hernà ¡n Cortà ©s did his best to dismantle the city, three 16th century maps of Tenochtitlan survive showing us what the city was like. The earliest map is the Nuremberg or Cortes map of 1524, drawn for the conquistador Cortà ©s, possibly by a local resident. The Uppsala Map was drawn about 1550 by an indigenous person or persons; and the Maguey Plan was made about 1558, although scholars are divided about whether the city depicted is Tenochtitlan or another Aztec city. The Uppsala Map is signed by cosmographer Alonso de Santa Cruz [~1500-1567] who presented the map (with the city spelled as Tenuxititan) to his employer, the Spanish Emperor Carlos V, but scholars do not believe he made the map himself, and it may have been by his students at the Colegio de Santa Cruz at Tenochtitlans sister city Tlatelolco. Legends and Omens Tenochtitlà ¡n was the home of the immigrant Mexica, which is just one of the names for the Aztec people who founded the city in AD 1325. According to legend, the Mexica were one of seven Chichimeca tribes who came to Tenochtitlan from their fabled city of origin, Aztlan (Place of the Herons). They came because of an omen: the Chichimec god Huitzilopochtli, who took the form of an eagle, was seen perched on a cactus eating a snake. The leaders of the Mexica interpreted this as a sign to move their population to an unpleasant, miry, buggy, island in the middle of a lake; and eventually their military prowess and political abilities turned that island into the central agency for conquest, the Mexica snake swallowing most of Mesoamerica. Aztec Culture and Conquest Tenochtitlan of the 14th and 15th centuries A.D. was excellently suited as a place for the Aztec culture to begin the  conquest of Mesoamerica. Even then, the basin of Mexico was densely occupied, and the island city afforded the Mexica a commanding lead over trade in the basin. In addition, they engaged in a series of alliances both with and against their neighbors; the most successful was the Triple Alliance, who as the Aztec Empire overran major portions of what are now the states of Oaxaca, Morelos, Veracruz, and Puebla. By the time of the Spanish conquest in 1519, Tenochtitlà ¡n contained around 200,000 people and covered an area of twelve square kilometers (five square miles). The city was crisscrossed by canals, and the edges of the island city were covered with chinampas, floating gardens that enabled local production of food. A huge marketplace served nearly 60,000 people daily, and in the Sacred Precinct of the city were palaces and temples the like of which Hernà ¡n Cortà ©s had never seen. Cortà ©s was awed, but it didnt stop him from destroying almost all of the citys buildings during his conquest. A Lavish City Several letters from Cortà ©s to his king Charles V described the city as an island city in the center of a lake. Tenochtitlan was laid out in concentric circles, with a central plaza serving as the ritual precinct and the heart of the Aztec empire. The buildings and pavements of the city all barely rose above the level of the lakes and were grouped into clusters by canals and connected by bridges. A densely forested area—the precursor to Chapultepec park—was an important feature of the island, as was water control. Seventeen major floods have struck the city since 1519, one lasting an astounding five years. During Aztec times, a series of aqueducts led from the surrounding lakes into the city, and numerous  causeways connected Tenochtitlan to the other important city-states in the basin. Motecuhzoma II (also known as  Montezuma) was the final ruler at Tenochtitlan, and his lavish main courtyard covered an area measuring 200x200 meters (about 650x650 feet). The palace included a suite of rooms and an open courtyard; around the main palace complex could be found armories and sweat baths, kitchens, guest rooms, music rooms, horticultural gardens, and game preserves. The remnants of some of these are found in Chapultepec Park in Mexico City, although most of the buildings are from later times. Remnants of the Aztec Culture Tenochtitlan fell to Cortes, but only after the bitter and bloody siege of 1520, when the Mexica killed hundreds of conquistadors. Only parts of Tenochtitlan are extant in the city of Mexico; you can get into the ruins of the Templo Mayor, excavated beginning in the 1970s by Matos Moctezuma; and there are ample artifacts at the National Museum of Anthropology (INAH). But if you look hard enough, many other visible aspects of the old Aztec capital are still in place. Street names and place names echo the ancient Nahua city. The Plaza del Volador, for example, was an important location for the Aztec ceremony of the new fire. After 1519, it was transformed first into a place for the Actos de Fe of the Inquisition, then into an arena for bull-fighting, then a market, and finally into the current site of the Supreme Court. Sources Aà ±Ãƒ ³n V. 2012. â€Å"En el lugar de las tunas empedernidas†: Tenochtitlan en las crà ³nicas mestizas. Anales de Literatura Hispanoamericana 41:81-97.Berdan FF. 2014. Aztec Archaeology and Ethnohistory. New York: Cambridge University Press.Hill Boone E. 2011. This new world now revealed: Hernà ¡n Cortà ©s and the presentation of Mexico to Europe. Word Image 27(1):31-46.Là ³pez JF. 2013. The hydrographic city: Mapping Mexico Citys urban form in relation to its aquatic condition, 1521-1700. Cambridge: Massachusetts Institute of Technology.Mundy BE. 2014. Place-Names in Mexico-Tenochtitlan. Ethnohistory 61(2):329-355.Pennock CD. 2011. ‘A Remarkably Patterned Life’: Domestic and Public in the Aztec Household City. Gender History 23(3):528-546.Terraciano K. 2010. Three Texts in One: Book XII of the Florentine Codex. Ethnohistory 57(1):51-72.

Internet Service Provider - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 23 Words: 6793 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/09/16 Category Technology Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? Internship report Arnaud Desmons Epitech 2006 March to August 2006 Internet Service Provider This report is also available at : https://arnaud. desmons. free. fr/desmon_a-roguelink. pdf Grants Pass, Oregon Introduction This report is about my internship at RogueLink LLC covering the period of 6 months from May to August 2006. RogueLink LLC is a US nationwide Internet Service Provider based in Grants Pass Oregon wich mainly provides dialup connections. Oregon is on the west coast of united states. Although broadband technologies (DSL and Cable) are all the rage right now, in reality, a lot of people still only have access to analog phone lines. Dial-up modems will remain a good way to get on the Internet for several years, especially in retired area in United States. When looking for an internship I had three criterias : 1. Language and culture : I wanted to do my internship in a foreign country to improve my english and to discover a different way of life and business cult ure. 2. Technical diversity : a main point was to learn new things and especially not in software enginering, like I did in my formers internship. . Responsabilities : I looked for an experience that will proof I am able to manage things by myself. My job was to make the whole infrastructure stable, up and running. As described in this report I was focused on three main projects : 2 †¢ The mail server migration from Windows to Linux. †¢ The web server migration because of an hardware failure †¢ The billing system migration In parallel, I had to maintain, monitor and improve the infrastructure. Eeach project was a huge challenge regarding both the ? nancial and technical situation of the company and the important number of end-users. As you will ee each project was managed with three main things in mind : †¢ Simplicity : I was the single administrator and a too complex infrastructure would be both dif? cult to explain and dif? cult to use for non technicians (acco unt creation, passwords, dependencies between services). I keep it simple as much as possible. †¢ Stability : because nobody would be there after me for administration I had to make it automatized as much as possible (scheduled monitoring emails, self-learning anti-spam). Keeping simple the system also contributed to keep it stable. †¢ Security : the stability of the system also depends of its security. As I worked in this domain before I tried to keep everything secure (unfortunately in the limit of the ? rst point). 3 CONTENTS Contents 1 Organizational aspects 1. 1 1. 2 1. 3 1. 4 RogueLink LLC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Internet Access in southern Oregon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The internship . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Timeline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 6 7 7 8 9 2 Technical aspects 2. 1 2. 1. 1 2. 1. 2 2. 1. 3 2. 1. 4 2. 1. 5 2. 1. 6 2. 1. 7 2. 1. 8 2. 1. 2. 2 Mail server migration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 The old system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Accounts and password recovery from the old system . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Mailboxes synchronisation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Address books . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Mailing lists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Mail aliases (forwarding) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Firewall and DNS preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 The new system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Database and backups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 2. 1. 10 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Web server migratio n (IIS, Frontpage, Webtrends and FTP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 2. 2. 1 2. 2. 2 2. 2. 3 2. 2. 4 2. 3 2. 3. 1 2. 3. 2 2. 3. 3 2. 3. 4 Why . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 What . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 How . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Freeside . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Data extractions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 PayPal extension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Billing system migration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 4 CONTENTS 3 Conclusion 3. 1 3. 2 25 Technical conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 General conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 5 1 ORGANIZATIONAL ASPECTS 1 Organizational aspects 1. 1 RogueLink LLC RogueLink LLC, formerly EchoWeb, was created about 10 years ago. It was a very successfull company until the year 2000. The main activities of the company are : †¢ Internet connections : they provide dial up and adsl connections to the internet, with associated services such as email, personnals web pages, hotline support. †¢ Web hosting and domain registration. Website design is subcontracted. Shopping carts to sell products online are also provided. Computer repair for customers who have problems connecting to the internet. The dial-up technical infrastructure used to be owned by RogueLink but is actually now subcontracted by a nation wide operator named GlobalPOP. RogueLink manage their customer using a web interface from them but still have to bill customers. While the main product sold by RogueLink is still Dial Up connections, some people request faster connections, and RogueLink has to provide ADSL connections. The company started to provide ADSL connections last year, but it was stopped as it was found to be pro? table only for very important numbers of customers. Instead, ADSL connections are subcontracted to an other company in Grants Pass, whose name is VISP. They already suffered a ? re in the server room which destroyed many computers and caused the loss of many customers. At the moment, the company has about 800 customers using Dial Up connection, about 200 using DSL, and about 200 websites hosted. 6 1 ORGANIZATIONAL ASPECTS 1. 2 Internet Access in southern Oregon Most of the people in Grants Pass and around are connecting to the internet using 56k DialUp. Three reasons for that : †¢ Local phone calls are free, which makes it quite cheap to connect any amount of time. DSL or Cable connections are a lot more expensive, and are not worth the price for what most people want to do: sending/receiving emails, visiting a few web pages †¢ A lot of people are living outside of the city, in the forest, therefore they don’t have access to DSL or cable : Even if the number of people moving to DSL and cable is important, there remain an important number of dial up users, which is probably the reason why RogueLink is still pro? table. There are not that many big companies providing dial up internet access at low prices everywhere in the United States. However, there are still a lot of users connected to local ISP, even if it is a little more expensive. The main reason is not technical, it is the support. For experienced users it does not always make a big difference to connect to a local ISP, however for other users, they know that if they have problems connecting they can have free hotline support, or they can bring their computer and have it repaired, they can come and have their questions answered. This is what makes the difference with big ISPs, and probably why there still is a lot of small ISPs in the united states. The wireless market tend to show up more now with company like Clearwire. RogueLink is starting to get partenarship with this company to counter the dial-up death. 1. 3 The internship RogueLink is used to hire trainee from both Epita and Epitech and others french school and university. I found this internship thanks to a student from Epita who made an announce on school newsgroups. It was not easy to obtain on time the J-1 visa required for this kind of internship. Indeed, it was properly the time France was not able to provide biometric passports. So the United States immigration administration was ? oded of visa request for simple tourists (instead of passport). 7 1 ORGANIZATIONAL ASPECTS I was hosted by and near the house of my managers, Kate and Jacques LeCompte, owners of the business. The company is split in two different places located at about 20 minutes by car from each other : †¢ The server room, where all the servers are is a few miles away from the downtown where the of? ce is located. †¢ The of? ce is where customers can come and pay their bill, bring their computer to have it repaired, ask questions about their dialup connection or web hosting, etc This is also where the hotline support is located. I was working most of the time at the of? ce. This allowed me to be in contact with customers and to be aware of issues as soon as possible in order to give advice to hotliners. The hotline support was really knowledgable and Linux enthousiasts so I had no dif? culties to explain things. I was working on the servers remotely, using terminal services1 and ssh from my linux laptop. Sometime, I had to take my car and go to the server room. 1. 4 Timeline The ? rst month was more to acknowledge the system and what would be my projects. I had also to start organising thoses projects to see how long it will take for each one. The mail server migration took about two month (including the canceled outsourcing project). The web server migration took one month. The billing system set up took also one month. Services or Terminal Server Edition (TSE) is a component of Microsoft Windows NT operating systems (both client and server versions) that allows a user to access applications or data stored on a remote computer over a network connection. Terminal Services is Microsoft’s take on server centric computing, which allows individual users to access network resources easily. Terminal 8 2 TECHNICAL ASPECTS 2 Technical aspects This section is split into three parts. It is related to main projects I worked on, but as a reccurent background task I had to monitor services and to ? x some little issues, like buying new SSL2 certi? cats for online carts, adding new domain names in our DNS, setting up new web sites, ? xing front page extensions3 . For instance, I also had to delete a shopping cart customer’s account directly into t he SQL database. The ? rst week I was here, it was mainly to take notes on how the infrastructure is running. Thanks to a wiki4 ? led by formers trainees I was able to learn more faster but some of thoses informations was also obsoletes. I also set up some scripts for graphing the network activity on the DMZ5 : are cryptographic protocols which provide secure communications on the Internet for such things as e-mail, internet faxing, and other data transfers. 3 Software technology that allows Frontpage clients editor to communicate with web servers, and provide additional functionality intended for websites. Frequent security problems have marked the history of this Microsoft proprietary technology. A wiki is a type of website that allows users to easily add, remove, or otherwise edit and change some available content, sometimes without the need for registration. This ease of interaction and operation makes a wiki an effective tool for collaborative authoring. 5 DMZ stands for DeMili tarized Zone. In computer security terminology, a DMZ is a network area that sits between an organization’s internal network and an external network, usually the Internet. 2 Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) and Transport Layer Security (TLS), its successor, 9 2 TECHNICAL ASPECTS We have a 5Mb bandwith on both way thru ? er optic provided by Charter. We have 30 IP addresses (/27 block) with this connection. 10 2 TECHNICAL ASPECTS 2. 1 Mail server migration The mail migration was for sure the most usefull, dif? cult, sensitive task I had to do during this internship. I will explain here : †¢ Why this server migration was necessary and urgent. †¢ What was part of the migration (password recoveries, mailbox synchronisations, address books, webmail, mailing lists, aliases, administrators and administration interface) †¢ How I did the migration (DNS, ? rewall, choose of components, scripts). 2. . 1 The old system When I arrived, the mail server that was used was IMail v8. 05 from Ipswitch on a Windows 2000 server, which is probably one of the worst email server program available. The main problems with this server were : 1. Ipswitch Imail is RFC ignorant (RFC 1893 or 3463). For instance, when a server answer with an Error code beginning with the number 4, it means that it is a Persistent Transient Failure, not a Permanent Failure, and sending again in the the future the same message may be successful. Imail doesn’t and bounce the message with a  « user unknow  ». Knowing the fact that most spammers won’t take the time to send again their message when they receive a temporary some people had the idea to use a method called Greylisting6 to block a signi? cant amounts of spam by ? rst rejecting an email from an unknown server with a temporary error (with an error message begining with a 4), then accepting and adding the sending server to a whitelist when it try to send again the same email after a certain amount of time. The spams a re then rejected while the emails sent using a regular email server are received. The problem is that the IMail server doesn’t handle this correctly, and it was not possible for our customers to send emails to servers implementing GreyListing because of the  « unknown user  » problem. is a simple method of defending electronic mail users against e-mail spam. In short, a mail transfer agent which uses greylisting will temporarily reject any email from a sender it does not recognize. If the mail is legitimate, the originating server will try again to send it later, at which time the destination will accept it. If the mail is from a spammer, it will probably not be retried 6 Greylisting 1 2 TECHNICAL ASPECTS 2. The server used to crash for no reasons and needed to be reboot very often to  « solve  » problems. 3. We had hackers, directly logged on windows (moving the mouse and everything. . . very impressive to see ! ) using our system to send spam. 4. The con? guratio n is saved in the Windows Registry which is horrible. 5. All the con? guration and management of accounts is done using a Graphical User Interface (which is not convenient for scripting tasks). The GUI is program that allow you to crash the whole mail server in a few clicks. It happened to me once but fortunately I had a backup of the Windows Registry. 6. The program lacks many options, and is not modular. For example it is not possible to add external spam ? ters, add special routing instructions, add greylisting. For all thoses reasons it was more than urgent to switch this server to a quality open-sourced one. 2. 1. 2 Accounts and password recovery from the old system As explained the IMail windows server stored accounts into the windows registry. I installed ActivePerl, wich is a bring of the Unix Perl to the Windows plateform and the Win32::TieRegistry Perl module. Then, I wrote a scripts to extract user attributs, including the encrypted password. The password algorithm used on the old system was not a common one (like crypt, md5 or sha1) which made impossible to copy encrypted passwords directly because the new system would not be able to use them. However, thanks to a very weak and sadly amusing encryption algorithm on the old system it was possible to extract, decrypt and re-encrypt them with a usable algorithm (crypt) for the new system. 12 2 TECHNICAL ASPECTS The encrypted password in hexadecimal was in fact the addition of the email address and the clear password. This was done with a few ef? cients lines of Perl : # my $mail = test; # my $password = BDD4EAE2EDD4E8; my @hex_mail = unpack(C*, $mail); my ($i, @decrypted_password, @hex_password); while ($password) { push @hex_password, hex(substr($password, 0, 2, †)); } foreach (@hex_password) { push @decrypted_password, ($_ $hex_mail[$i++ % length($mail)]); } print pack(C*, @decrypted_password). ; 2. 1. 3 Mailboxes synchronisation Another dif? culty was that the migration had to be transparent for end-users. I had to plan synchronization of their mailboxes so it will take a minimum amount of time during the migration. I used a recurrent approach for that. The ? rst time it was really long to syncronize mailboxes using the IMAP protocol and during this long time new messages came. So I did it again and it take a little less time. So, during this inferior amout of time a little less messages came, etc At the end it took only about 6 hours so it was enough for doing that the night of the migration. I also prevent a problem that would be catastrophic if not noticed. Indeed, POP3 uses special IDs, wich are named UID, to know which messages were already downloaded by the end-users. If thoses UID are not synchronized between the old and the new system, then all users would have to download all their emails again. Those would be very unconvenient for end-users that use slow dial-up connections for instance and would result in a lot of phone calls. Besides that, everybody downloading all their mails would made a huge load on our server. Thanks to the fact that the old mail server kept those id directly in messages I was able to con? gure the new system to use them. 13 2 TECHNICAL ASPECTS 2. 1. 4 Address books In the old webmail their was address books. I had to extract thoses, using Perl scripts, to put them in the new webmail database which use a different format. Old address books were stored in a different ? les and directory for each domain and we host about 200 domains The new database of address books was really usefull for the new anti-spam system as I will explain there after. 2. 1. 5 Mailing lists7 They were also important mailing lists on the old mail server, used by hundreds of people. Because they were not so many and because it was pretty easy to set them up on the new linux server. I did that manually and just cut and past members’ email of each mailing lists. The main part for this job was to explain to each admi nistrator of each list how the new system works. It was pretty successful. 2. 1. 6 Mail aliases (forwarding) I had to extract, using Perl scripts, each redirection rule in the 200 domains we host. That was not easy because the old system had different ways to store aliases. Most of them were stocked into the Windows registry and it was scriptable so. But for the other ones I had to extract them manualy using the GUI. 2. 1. 7 Firewall and DNS8 preparation Because updating DNS for the new server can be pretty random, I prefered to use TCP redirections. So if their was a problem, it would be for everybody and a lot more easy to ? x. Also it would be possible to switch back to the old system really quick. The rollback possibility was really important and I take care of that in every step of the migration. mailing list is a collection of names and addresses used by an individual or an organization to send material to multiple recipients. 8 The domain name system (DNS) stores and assoc iates many types of information with domain names, but most importantly, it translates domain names (computer hostnames) to IP addresses. It also lists mail exchange servers accepting e-mail for each domain. In providing a worldwide keyword-based redirection service, DNS is an essential component of contemporary Internet use. 7A 14 2 TECHNICAL ASPECTS I ? rst updated DNS for all domains we host to point to a ? rewall that will do the redirection. I had to use bash and perl scripting to update all domains. Then, I did the switch on the router a few days after the DNS so I was sure that everybody was using the router. 2. 1. 8 The new system The new system improved a lot of things and I had a lot better control on what is going on with the system. It allows access to more detailed log ? les. I was also able to set up some cron 9 tasks to email the hotline support about biggest mailboxes every week for instance or to email me the mailing lists activity or the backup results. Anti- spam Before, there was only greylisting thanks to a linux mail relay in front of the IMail windows server. Because the new system is a linux system we were able to do the greylisting directly on the server. There was also blacklist like relays. ordb. org, an Open Relay DataBase or bl. spamcop. net, A fast and automatic list of servers reported to send spam. But there was still spam so I setted up a statistical spam ? lter. Statistical ? ltering, once set up, requires no maintenance per se: instead, users mark messages as spam or nonspam and the ? ltering software learns from these judgements. Thus, a statistical ? lter does not re? ect the software author’s or administrator’s biases as to content, but it does re? ect the user’s biases as to content; a biochemist who is researching Viagra won’t have messages containing the word Viagra ? agged as spam, because Viagra will show up often in his or her legitimate messages. A statistical ? ter can also respo nd quickly to changes in spam content, without administrative intervention. The task here was to provide a convenient way for customers to feed Bogo? lter with spam and non-spam. It is really important to provide both spam and non-spam or the ? ltering would be catastrophic. The webmail provides a convenient way for end users to report messages as spam via an HTTP link. They do it well after we explained to them that doing so will reduce their amount of spam. cron server, found in Unix and Unix-like operating systems, is used to schedule commands to be executed periodically. A 15 2 TECHNICAL ASPECTS The amount of spam reported decrease of 90% ! I assume that users receive 90% less spam than at the begining of the ? lter learning proccess. I had some congratulations from customers about that. For non-spam, I ? nd out that all the address books that customers have in the webmail would be a good way to mark as non-spam messages coming from people in thoses address books. I did a script on the mail server that look into the address books database for every message comming in. If the expeditor is into an address book then the message will be marked as non-spam. I used also what we call  «spam traps ». This is non-used mailboxes, with names choosen to be easily spammed like ? rstnames or  «info », or  «contact », etc. . . All messages received from thoses mailboxes are then automatically reported as spam to the statistical ? lter. 16 2 TECHNICAL ASPECTS Webmail The new webmail is Horde IMP which is a famous open source webmail. It is based on IMAP and allows customers to report problems easily, to manage their address book and folders and to report messages as spam. They can also set up ? ltering using both withlist and blacklist but as far as the anti-spam is ef? ient enough they don’t use it so much. There is also online help but the system is pretty intuitive. I customized a little bit default options after getting some customers feedback. I had to write scripts to update the con? guration database for each customers. 17 2 TECHNICAL ASPECTS Administration interface The new administration interface is simple which is certainly the main quality of it. The old one was really slow. Now, this is more like a frontend on the backend database used by the mail system. Here you can create, delete, and change password of those more than 2,000 accounts split on 200 domains we host. This interface is accessible also for each domain administrators with a different level of permissions. Indeed, I had to write scripts to extract kind of  «? ags » into the windows registry of the old system to distinguish normal user and administrators. On the new system, endusers can also change their password using a dedicated part of the administration interface. This is a security improvement (negligeable regarding the improvement from Windows to Linux) because it was not possible on the old system. 18 2 TECHNICAL ASPECTS 2. 1. 9 Database an d backups The new system use an SQL database to store encrypted passwords. The Post? SMTP server and Dovecot POP3 server both use this database to check passwords. Thanks to this database, a backup of the accounts is made every day on another server. Because people don’t leave their messages in their mailboxes too long a bacup of them would be both dif? cult and not so usefull. 2. 1. 10 Conclusion The migration was a great success. Although I took all precautions there was still risks but I didn’t have to switch back to the old system. The system is actually really stable and end-users are already used to it. Every day, domain’s administrators use the administration interface and end-users report spam via the webmail. There was a project to outsource the mail server to a dedicated hosting service but the project was canceled by my managers. Also, the greylisting was at ? rst on a separate outsourced server but the company that was hosting this server disconne ct it after a delay in their payment. I had to install the greylisting service on the new server and everything was ? ne but it was a huge change. 19 2 TECHNICAL ASPECTS 2. 2 Web server migration (IIS, Frontpage, Webtrends and FTP) This task was less complex than the mail migration but the dif? culy here was to ? d out a way to automatize the procedure to avoid errors and to get it done as soon as possible. For most of the tasks I found how to automatize the migration but for some others I had to do it manually. This project was also a good opportunity because I was not used to Windows servers. 2. 2. 1 Why When I arrived, the IIS web server (Microsoft Internet Information Services) had only one hard drive left out of the six slots available. It was more than urgent to ? x that because the single hard drive could die at any time, bringing in his death the hundreds of web sites we host. We host company’s website and shopping cart. Some of them process thousands of dollars a day. No need to say that any interruption of service would not be appreciated. Because it was too risky to put new hard drives and try a syncronisation with the one left, we set up a new server. I had to automatise as much as possible web domains creation. On top of domains thereselves there was a lot of related services like FTP10 , Webtrends11 and frontpage extensions to set up. The migration was also a good way to clean up the GUI from a bunch of old websites. The security was also improved because there was kind of  « leeping  » viruses on the old IIS server. 2. 2. 2 What I had to move 200 web domains. Which means also more than 200 ftp accounts and about 100 frontpage extension enabled domains. The database used for online shops was on a separate server and was not part of the migration. Most of the websites use ASP12 scripts but also PHP13 scripts. I spent a lot of time studying the possibility to switch to a Linux server. However, because of ASP and because a lot of custo mers use frontpage extensions which are both not available on Linux, it or ? le transfer protocol is a commonly used protocol for exchanging ? es over any network that supports the TCP/IP protocol (such as the Internet or an intranet). 11 Webtrends is a software that analyses IIS log ? les to generate statistical reports on web sites 12 Active Server Pages (ASP) is Microsoft’s server-side technology for dynamically-generated web pages that is marketed as an add-on to Internet Information Services (IIS). 13 Php Hypertext Preprocessor (recursive acronyme) is an open-source, re? ective programming language. Originally designed as a high level scripting language for producing dynamic Web pages, PHP is used mainly in server-side application software 10 FTP 0 2 TECHNICAL ASPECTS was decided to stay on Windows. We tried also Windows 2003 but it was too expensive for the company regarding its low improvement. The migration was ? naly from a Windows 2000 to a Windows 2000. 2. 2. 3 How I ? rst copied all web directories on the new server. Then, thanks to the  « Automating Administration for IIS 5. 0  » documentation on Microsoft TechNet I found a way to create a new web domain from the command line using mkw3site and adsutil. I did a perl script that generated a little script for each domain based on its directory name. For FTP accounts, I didn’t ? nd a way to automatize the process but I was able to create an account using less than 10 keyboard shortcuts (including copy-past of the password from the wiki). So I did it manually. . . I tried also to protect the web server via a reverse proxy 14 . It was ? ne for web browsing but because frontpage extensions use NTLM15 it was not possible to break the ? ow with a reverse proxy for this part and I had to remove the reverse proxy. 2. 2. 4 Conclusion When everything was ready on the new server I just changed the DNS. It was successful, we just ? d out after the migration that some ASP scripts were broken because they needed some DLL16 library not yet installed on the new server but it was a quick ? x. I didn’t put back web statistics just after the migration and I did right because a really few people claimed them. So I put them back one by one and it was ? ne. reverse proxy is a proxy server that is installed typically in front of a webserver. All connections coming from the Internet addressed to one of the webservers are routed through the proxy server, which may either deal with the request itself or pass the request wholly or partially to the main webserver. This is done mainly for security reasons. 15 NTLM is a computer networking security protocol which operates in a variety of Microsoft Windows network protocols for authentication purposes. 16 DLL stands for Dynamic-Link Library. It is Microsoft’s implementation of the shared library concept in the Microsoft Windows operating systems. These libraries usually have the ? le extension DLL, OCX (for libraries co ntaining ActiveX controls), or DRV (for legacy system drivers). 14 A 21 2 TECHNICAL ASPECTS 2. 3 Billing system migration The actual system is running for a while and start to be wasted by a irrelevent data. Setting a new system would help ? rst to clean the database. On top of that, the actual billing system is completely disconnected from the technical infrastructure. Freeside was advised by the former student and looks to be an interesting solution. It would be possible, for instance, to create accounts automaticaly on the new mail system, or to disconnect someone that does not pay anymore. The ambicious idea is to run a completly standalone infrastructure where people can subscribe and pay online. Right now, RogueLink need an of? e and an employee to receive payments and also need someone to collect the postal payments, send invoices, going to the bank, etc. . . 2. 3. 1 Freeside Freeside is an open-source billing, ticketing and automation system for ISPs and online businesses . It has a web based interface. It is written in Perl and it is easily customizable because full source code is available under the GNU GPL. Freeside also provide a customer interface so they can pay, signup online and change their password. Bills sent by Freeside are also very neat and professional thanks to LaTex17 (this is also what is used for this report). One disadvantage of Freeside is that its doesn’t look professional but because it is open source we should ask a web designer to make it more fancy. Also, I didn’t like the way it is packaged. It put ? les everywhere and it is even hard to remove it cleanly. . . 2. 3. 2 Data extractions The old billing system use a SQL Server database to store all its data so I was able to extract customers data to put them into the PostgreSQL database of Freeside using a Perl script. There is three kinds of data : †¢ Customers data : contains name, address, phone number, etc. . . s a document preparation system for the TEX typesetting program. It is used mainly by mathematicians, scientists, and engineers in academia. It is also widely used by people outside of these ? elds as a primary or intermediate format (e. g. translating DocBook and other XML-based formats to PDF) due to the quality of typesetting achieved by TEX 17 LaTex 22 2 TECHNICAL ASPECTS †¢ Packages : contains the price and a billing frequency of a service provided by the company. †¢ Provisioning data : contains data to synchronize accounts with the technical infrastructure (mail, DNS, web sites). I extracted only customers data as it was planned we will associate them to packages progressively. I also set up a provisioning source for the mail system and a test package to test the PayPal payments. 2. 3. 3 PayPal extension The most popular way to get paid on internet today is certainely PayPal. PayPal, was used to allow PayPal members to transfert PayPal money to others PayPal members (merchants) thanks to their email add ress. But PayPal diversi? ed then and now allow to use direct payments (with credit card). They provide API18 for credit card payment in a way that is possible to make it transparent for end users. The API is working with several languages as it uses an abstraction layer called SOAP19 for sending and receiving data or for triggering RPC (Remote Procedure Call). There was no PayPal extension provided with Freeside. But as far as the former provide a good and simple API for adding new extensions I wrote one for PayPal support into Freeside and put it under GPL on my website. This is a Perl module of about hundred lines that actually makes the interface between Freeside and PayPal using the SOAP protocol. PayPal provide a really good way to test their API. The concept of sandbox paypal account is that you can send and receive money but it’s virtual money. application programming interface (API) is the interface that a computer system, library or application provides in ord er to allow requests for services to be made of it by other computer programs, and/or to allow data to be exchanged between them. 19 SOAP is a protocol for exchanging XML-based messages over a computer network, normally using HTTP. SOAP forms the foundation layer of the Web services stack, providing a basic messaging framework that more abstract layers can build on. 8 An 23 2 TECHNICAL ASPECTS 2. 3. 4 Conclusion The system was ready, but it was not really intuitive and stable and would require a lot of time to ? x and learn it. As it was my last month and because there was many other projects it is not used right now. Anyway, this project was a good way to see how a billing system works and especially for ISP 20 . However, I had to move the actual billing server from the of? ce to the server room because the server was not in the best environement for a so important service. In term of air-conditioning, power supply, monitoring, security, etc. . 20 Internet Service Provider 24 3 CON CLUSION 3 Conclusion 3. 1 Technical conclusion My main motivation since I arrived, after understanding the situation, was to be able to leave 6 months later whith a stable, secure, up and running system that I would not have to worry about anymore. I had no problems to achieve my goal with the good practical oriented training we got at Epitech. I was able to work on things I never used before because I already learned to learn. For making it short, this internship was a struggle against three things : spam, hardware failures, and. . frontpage. Technically, it was really diversi? ed and mixed Windows and Unix administration, networking, scripts coding and developpements for the new billing system. System administration was also a new domain for me. Although I was used to the technical components, I had to think more with an end-user point of view in mind. That will help for any of my futur jobs because there is always a question of end-users. To sum up, the security and stability wer e improved thanks to linux and, on windows servers, thanks to anti-virus checks and updates. Backups were also made. The monitoring was ef? cient and it never takes long to aknowledge problems. I had a taste of system administration and I measured how oppressing it is. I was never totaly. I was monitoring and even ? xed things on the week-end. We had hard drive issues, serveral power outages (for the whole city) and our connexion provider had sometimes hours of blackout. This internship was a good opportunity to take responsabilites. Indeed, one single error on the mail or web migration would be fatal for the company. So, I had to elaborate procedures and often had to be very prompt ? ding solutions in case of problems because hundreds of people (and sometimes whole business) would be blocked otherwise. I had to manage priorities because problems were often related between them. I took initiatives and it was a good learning to measure each risk and to justify them. I establish ho w to do technically each mission, like choosing the components for new infrastructure (post? x, post? xadmin, dovecot, postgresql) or migrating tools (adsutils, imapsync). It was interesting to 25 3 CONCLUSION plan each step and prevent possible problems. It was like designing a software as I did in my formers internships. 3. 2 General conclusion It was interesting to see how a small business works, how it is vital to spare money and to make strategic choices. I used to speak with the manager, Jacques, and he advices me a lot on management and strategy. I was sometime alone at the of? ce and had to welcome customers, take care of their requests if possible or take messages. I had also to communicate with the hotline support to notice incoming problems or to advice on what to say or what to ask to customers. A good thing was to ear the hotline support. This contribute to improve my english and I learned a lot on how to speak to customers. However, one disadvantage of this inter nship was maybe not being able to work in team but just trying to explain what I was doing. Humanly, it was really enriching to meet American folks of any ages and with diversi? ed personalities. Globally, it was surprising how nice they are and particularly in Grants Pass where is located RogueLink. I had for instance the opportunity to assist, as a French guest, to french classes and it was fun trying to explain my  « french  » point of view on the middle east or on the American gas consuming and so forth. . Besides the valuable apport on my resume, the experience of the United States was a main point. It allows me to improve my English, to meet American people and visit San Francisco, the Silicon Valley, the Napa Valley, Seattle, Crater Lake, Las Vegas, Monument Valley, the Grand Canyon. Small cities all around Grants Pass were also beautifull. Great memories so ! 26 3 CONCLUSION Thanks I want to thanks Jacques and Kate for their welcoming. Dwayne and Gail for their collabora tion. The Epitech school staff. The french class’ students for having so much fun with them. The Bay Bridge which connects San Francisco with Oakland and the East Bay. 27 3 CONCLUSION Glossary ASP ASP stands Active Server Pages. It is Microsoft’s server-side technology for dynamicallygenerated web pages that is marketed as an add-on to Internet Information Services (IIS). DMZ stands for DeMilitarized Zone. In computer security terminology, a DMZ is a network area that sits between an organization’s internal network and an external network, usually the Internet. The domain name system (DNS) stores and associates many types of information with domain names, but most importantly, it translates domain names (computer hostnames) to IP addresses. It also lists mail exchange servers accepting e-mail for each domain. In providing a worldwide keyword-based redirection service, DNS is an essential component of contemporary Internet use. FTP or ? le transfer protocol is a commonly used protocol for exchanging ? les over any network that supports the TCP/IP protocol (such as the Internet or an intranet). Greylisting is a simple method of defending electronic mail users against e-mail spam. In short, a mail transfer agent which uses greylisting will temporarily reject any email from a sender it does not recognize. If the mail is legitimate, the originating server will try again to send it later, at which time the destination will accept it. If the mail is from a spammer, it will probably not be retried IMAP IMAP allows users to access new messages instantly on their computers, since the mail is stored on the network. With POP3, users either download the e-mail to their computer or access it via the web. Both methods take longer than IMAP, and the user must either download any new mail or refresh the page to see the new messages. Php Hypertext Preprocessor (recursive acronyme) is an open-source, re? ective programming language. Originally de signed as a high level scripting language for producing dynamic Web pages, PHP is used mainly in server-side application software. Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) and Transport Layer Security (TLS), its successor, are cryptographic protocols which provide secure communications on the Internet for such things as e-mail, internet faxing, and other data transfers. DMZ DNS FTP Greylist PHP SSL 28 3 CONCLUSION TCP TCP stands for Transmission Control Protocol. This is one of the core protocols of the Internet protocol suite. Using TCP, applications on networked hosts can create connections to one another, over which they can exchange data in packets. TSE Terminal Services or Terminal Server Edition (TSE) is a component of Microsoft Windows NT operating systems (both client and server versions) that allows a user to access applications or data stored on a remote computer over a network connection. Terminal Services is Microsoft’s take on server centric computing, which allows indiv idual users to access network resources easily. Wiki a Wiki is a type of website that allows users to easily add, remove, or otherwise edit and change some available content, sometimes without the need for registration. This ease of interaction and operation makes a wiki an effective tool for collaborative authoring. 29 Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Internet Service Provider" essay for you Create order

Evaluation of an Advertisement Essay - 670 Words

Evaluation of an Advertisement Advertising is to persuade people to buy their product or in this case encouraging people to send money to help its charity. However to persuade people isnt that easy, you have to use the correct wording, and things such as power of three, alliteration in order to persuade that customer/person. In this advertisement many of these things are used. They really make you want to send a donation. They make you feel really sorry for those children in Africa, Kenya and Uganda. In the 1st paragraph they use of three poverty, hunger and malnutrition these three words a summary of what is East Africa. You might think nothing will change, this is short sentence suggesting†¦show more content†¦They make you think about how fortunate we are. They make you feel guilty in some way. Livestock development leads to people development and passing on the gift is all about how we can help. They simply say that sending animals and other helpful things can really make a difference to these people lives, and this is what generous people want to do. It says To be able to help where once you could only receive it restores dignity, a sense of self worth, and a fundamental change in your perspective on life itself. It is persuading by making think that if we support the cause we will feel good inside because you helping deprived people. In Education and Development they are putting the reader into the position of someone in Africa. They are asking us how would you feel. This really makes you think about those people that have no choice. In what we call the developed world we have so much choice set out before us. They make us realize that they are absolutely wright. Goods ranging from food to computers, that we hardly imagine what it is like to have no choice. 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Murdered jews of europe Free Essays

History and Theory Essay: Architecture and Memory: Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe First Page Quote â€Å" Abstract, unfastened and inclusive commemoration signifiers appear most frequently in cases where states attempt to memorialize their ain offenses. They seem to be capable of leting both the perpetrating state and its victims to show their histories in a individual incorporate memorial, and therefore to encapsulate a new incorporate post-conflict individuality † ( Elizabeth Strakosch ) Introduction Throughout history, states have sought to exhibit societal memory of their past accomplishments whilst conversely wipe outing the memory of evildoings committed during their development. These nostalgic contemplations of historic events have been both literally and figuratively portrayed in didactic memorials, which carefully edify the events into clear word pictures of province triumph and victory. We will write a custom essay sample on Murdered jews of europe or any similar topic only for you Order Now However, displacements in the discourse of twentieth century political relations have given rise to the voice of the victim within these narratives. The traditional nation-state is now answerable to an international community instead than itself ; a community that acknowledges the importance of human rights and upholds moral conditions. These provinces continue to build an individuality both in the past and present, but are expected to admit their ain exclusions and accept blameworthiness for their old exploitations. In this new clime the traditional commemoration does non go disused, but alternatively evolves beyond a celebratory memorial, progressively citing the province ‘s evildoings and function as culprit. This progressive switch in attitude has given birth to a new signifier of commemoration: the anti-monument. These modern-day commemorations abandon nonliteral signifiers in penchant of abstraction. This medium facilitates a dialogical relationship between spectator and capable whilst besides advancing ambivalency. Critically, this new typology allows the narration of the victim and culprit to entwine into a individual united signifier, a alleged move towards political damages. This essay analyses the tradition and features of historic memorials and the post-industrial development of the anti-monument. The essay surveies and inquiries abstraction as the chosen vehicle of the anti-monument, utilizing Peter Eisenman ‘s Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe as a case-study. I argue that despite its success as a piece of public art, basically, it fails to execute its map of memorialization through its abstracted, equivocal signifier. Traditional Memorials Traditional memorials use nonliteral imagination to organize an intuitive connexion to the spectator. They use linguistic communication and iconography to show the looker-on with the province ‘s idealized perceptual experience of a important event in history. Throughout clip, these memorials have frequently outlasted the civilisations or political governments who constructed them and as a consequence their undisputed specific narrative becomes unequivocal ; all memory of an alternate narration is lost with the passing of informants who could remember these existent events. This has the negative effect of relieving the contemporary visitant of duty for the past and fails to suit the invariably altering and varied position of the spectator. In this regard, the permanency of the traditional memorial nowadayss an unchallengeable narrative which becomes an active presence to the visitant, who is ever the receptive component. Reasons for the alteration – introduce anti-monument However, events of the 20th century such as the atomic blast at Hiroshima and the atrociousness of the Holocaust altered commemorate pattern. Memorials were no longer militaristic and celebratory but alternatively acknowledged the offenses of the province against civilians. Interior designers were faced with the countless challenge of memorializing ‘the most quintessential illustration of adult male ‘s inhumaneness to adult male – the Holocaust. ‘An event so ruinous it prevents any effort to singularly enter the single victim. The new typology that emerged would subsequently be defined as the anti-monument. The anti-monument The anti-monument aimed to chase away old memorial convention by prefering a dialogical signifier over the traditional didactic memorial. This new memorial typology avoided actual representation through nonliteral look and written word in favour of abstraction. This move toward the abstract enabled the spectator to now go the active component and the memorial to go the receptive component ; a role-reversal that allowed the visitant to convey their ain reading to the commemoration. James E Young commented that the purpose of these commemorations: â€Å" †¦ is non to comfort but to arouse ; non to stay fixed but to alter ; non to be everlasting but to vanish ; non to be ignored by passersby but to demand interaction ; non to stay pristine but to ask for its ain misdemeanor and desanctification ; non to accept gracefully the load of memory but to throw it back at the town ‘s pess. † In this manner, James E Young suggests that the anti-monument Acts of the Apostless receptively to history, clip and memory. He besides states: â€Å" Given the inevitable assortment of viing memories, we may ne’er really portion a common memory at these sites but merely the common topographic point of memory, where each of us is invited to retrieve in our ain manner. † It is this point that basically determines the of import and necessary dialogical character of all Holocaust commemorations. ( point could be stronger here ) The debut of The Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe And so, in 1999 the Federal Republic of Germany passed a declaration to raise a commemoration to the murdered Jews of Europe. This commemoration intended to ‘honour the murdered victims ‘ and ‘keep alive the memory of these impossible events in German history ‘ . An unfastened competition selected American, Peter Eisenman as the winning designer, who proposed an expansive field of 2,711 stelae and ‘the Ort ‘ , a auxiliary information Centre. The commemoration is non merely important for its intents of recollection, but besides represents the first constructed national memorial to the Holocaust with fiscal and political support from the German Federal State. Location and relationship to immediate context. The location of the memorial itself is considered arbitrary by some, as the site has no old intension with the Holocaust or Nazism, but alternatively was a former no-mans land in the decease strip of the Berlin Wall. Whilst the commemorating power of this location may be questioned, the significance of its arrangement lies within its integrating into Berlin ‘s urban kingdom. The edge status of the memorial nowadayss a natural passage between the stelae and the paving. The land plane and first stelae sit flower to each other before bit by bit lifting and recessing into two separate informations that create a zone of uncertainness between. The commemoration does non admit the specificity of the site and the deficiency of cardinal focal point intends to reflect the ambient nature of the victims and culprits in the metropolis of Berlin. Feeling created – bodily experience. Within the stelae each visitant senses the memory of the victims somatically by sing feelings of claustrophobia, uneasiness and freak out within the narrow paseos and graduated table of the memorial. It was non Peter Eisenman ‘s purpose to emulate the restrictive status of a decease cantonment, but alternatively, to promote the personal contemplation of the person in their function of transporting memory in the present. â€Å" In this memorial there is no end, no terminal, no working one ‘s manner in or out. The continuance of an person ‘s experience of it grants no farther apprehension, since apprehension is impossible. The clip of the memorial, its continuance from top surface to land, is disjoined from the clip of experience. In this context, there is no nostalgia, no memory of the yesteryear, merely the living memory of the single experience. Here, we can merely cognize the past through its manifestation in the present. † In this sense, each visitant is invited to see the absence created by the Holocaust and in bend, each feels and fills such a nothingness. It can non be argued that this material battle with absence is non powerful ; nevertheless, in most cases the feeling becomes passing. Each visitant walks precariously around the commemoration, hesitating for idea and expecting the following corner. They are forced to alter gait and way unwillingly and face the changeless menace of hit at every bend and intersection of the looming stelae. It is this status, in my sentiment, that instills the feeling of menace and edginess into most visitants as opposed to the perceived connexion between themselves and the victims. Anti-commemorative: maps as art instead than a memorial. The commemoration does non give any infinite for assemblages of people and therefore inhibits any ceremonial usage in the act of memory. The aggregation of stelae is evocative of the graveyards of Judaic ghettos in Europe where due to infinite restraints ; gravestones are piled high and crowded together at different angles. Some visitants treat the commemoration as a graveyard, walking easy and mutely, before halting and layering flowers or tapers at the side of a stele. The presence of these drab grievers and their objects of recollection are one of the lone indexs that clearly place the stelae field as a commemoration. However, the objects discarded at the commemoration are ever removed by the staff, proposing the memorial be experienced in its intended signifier ; a relationship more kindred to public art instead than that of a commemoration. Rigid order – how the memorial suggests the victim and perpertrator In Eisenman ‘s sentiment, the commemoration is symbolic of a apparently stiff and apprehensible system of jurisprudence and order that mutates into something much more profane. The visitant experiences this first-hand when feeling lost and disorientated in the environment they one time perceived as rational and negotiable from the exterior. â€Å" The undertaking manifests the instability inherent in what seems to be a system, here a rational grid, and its potency for disintegration in clip. It suggests that when a purportedly rational and ordered system grows excessively big and out of proportion to its intended intent, it in fact loses touch with human ground. It so begins to uncover the innate perturbations and potency for pandemonium in all systems of looking order, the thought that all closed systems of a closed order are bound to neglect. † Through abstraction, the memorial efforts to admit both the victims and culprits in a individual, incorporate signifier. The regular grid of the memorial and its delusory portraiture of reason acknowledge the culprits of the offense: the Nazi Third Reich. Whilst viewed from afar, the stelae resemble gravestones in a graveyard, allowing the victims a marker for their life, a marker antecedently denied to them by a Nazi government who aimed to wipe out all memory of their being. How the memorial evokes memory – contrasting experiences Eisenman ‘s commemoration is concerned with how the yesteryear is manifested in the present. His involvement lies non with the murdered Jews the commemoration aims to mark, but alternatively, how the contemporary visitant can associate to those victims. In this regard, the memorial licenses recollection displaced from the memory of the holocaust itself. Eisenman wrote: â€Å" The memory of the Holocaust can ne’er be one of nostalgia. †¦ The Holocaust can non be remembered in the nostalgic manner, as its horror everlastingly ruptured the nexus between nostalgia and memory. The memorial efforts to show a new thought of memory as distinguishable from nostalgia. † The field of stelae does non show a nostalgic remembrance of Judaic life before the holocaust ; neither do they try to encapsulate the events of the race murder. Alternatively, the memorial connects with the visitant through a material battle that facilitates an single response to memory. contrast between stelae and info Centre. The stelae have the consequence of making a ghostly atmosphere as the sounds of the environing streets and metropolis are deadened, overstating the visitant ‘s uncomfortableness. However, the atmosphere is disturbed by the cheering, laughter and conversation of visitants lost in the stelae looking for one another. In pronounced contrast, the subterraneous information Centre has the consequence of hushing its dwellers. The exhibition provides a actual representation of the atrociousnesss of the holocaust, pedagogically exposing the letters, vesture and personal properties of a smattering of victims. Eisenman originally rejected the inclusion of a topographic point of information so that the stelae field would go the sole and unequivocal experience. However, his competition win was conditional upon its inclusion. It is my sentiment that ‘The Ort ‘ or information Centre has become the important topographic point of memory and memorialization despite being at the same time downplayed by the designer and German province. The little edifice is located belowground and accessed via a narrow stairway amongst the stelae. As with the commemoration as a whole, there is no recognition of its being or map, and as a consequence must be discovered through roving. It performs memorialization far more successfully than the stelae field by bring forthing an emotional response from the visitant. It is the lone subdivision of the commemoration where the holocaust is explicitly present ; where visitants are non removed from the horrors but alternatively confronted with them. In the dark suites the hurt of the visitant is easy gauged as they walk about solemnly as the world of the holocaust becomes perceptible. The acoustic presence of shouting and sobbing are far removed from the laughter and shoutin g in the stelae above. The exhibition features infinites where the lifes of victims are made hearable longer sentence here will assist the flow. In these suites the smallest inside informations of the victim ‘s disregarded lives are told in a heavy voice which instantly gives substance to the person and corporate loss. The visitant ‘s injury is perceptible here as the impossible statistics are non portrayed as abstract representations, but alternatively are personified. The abstract nature of the stelae and site as a whole have the affect of doing the commemoration a relaxed and convenient topographic point to be. The memorial has transcended the theory that commemorations command regard by their mere being, with the site going a portion of mundane life for Berliners as a topographic point of leisure. Many stumble on the commemoration as an empty labyrinth, a kids ‘s resort area where people walk across the stelae, leaping from one to another. They are faced with conflicting emotions between an inherent aptitude to demo regard and a desire to fulfill a self-generated demand to play. The commemoration ‘s aspiration is to enable every visitant to make their ain decision and determine an single experience, which through abstraction it achieves. However, by the same means, it facilitates a withdrawal between the person and the commemoration ‘s primary map of memorialization. The theoretical narration of the stelae field is an highly co mplex and powerful thought, nevertheless the equivocal, absent design fails to let the visitant to associate to the victims or derive an apprehension of the atrociousnesss of the holocaust. Therefore, whilst experienced in its uniqueness, the abstract stelae field fails to mark, alternatively being dependant on the didactic attack of the information Centre to let the visitant to associate to the holocaust and its victims. Decision When measuring the entries for the original competition Stephen Greenblatt wrote: â€Å" It has become progressively evident that no design for a Berlin commemoration to retrieve the 1000000s of Jews killed by Nazis in the Holocaust will of all time turn out adequate to the huge symbolic weight it must transport, as legion designs have been considered and discarded. Possibly the best class at this point would be to go forth the site of the proposed commemoration at the bosom of Berlin and of Germany empty†¦ † Possibly this attack would hold finally become more pertinent. How does one design a memorial in memory of an event so impossible that in some manner does n’t hold the inauspicious affect of doing it more toothsome? Possibly, as Archigram frequently insisted, the reply is non a edifice. Alternatively, the absence of a memorial delegates the duty of memorialization to the person who as carriers of memory, come to symbolize the memorial. Potentially inquiry / remark on the hereafter of the memorial. How to cite Murdered jews of europe, Essay examples

Child and Family Development

Question: Discuss about the Child and Family Development. Answer: Introduction Child and family development is very much important. It helps in increasing education related with family and consumer science, in school and colleges. The program helps the child professionals in empowering children and families in challenging events that is related to health care. There are many organizations throughout the world, who are working for family and child development. Here, in this assignment, some of the organizations function and purpose have been discussed. American Association of Family and Consumer Science The main purpose of the program is to increase education related with family and consumer science, in school and colleges. This is done in school and colleges to meet or increase the quality of standards that is made by the council for Accreditation. The main function of American Association of Family and Consumer Science is to provide leadership and support to the specialists. For the family and consumer science student, AAFCS is the only association. The member of the association provides knowledge that is research based. The information or knowledge provided is basically on the day to day life including development of human, finance related with family, design of housing and inferior, food science, textile and clothing and consumer issues .The leadership and support provided by AAFCS helps in assisting individuals, their families and communities. This is done for making decisions that are known or informed to them, helps in maintain relationship and resources in order to maintain or achieve life that is best in quality. Family and Consumer Science Research article is selected as the first author. The main purpose of the award that is offered is to know or recognize young scholars work. This is done in order to transform the field of family and consumer science. The American Association of Family and Consumer Sciences collectively maintain a high ethical conduct (Aafcs.org., 2016). National Council of Family and Consumer Science The main purpose of National Council of Family and Consumer Science is to develop knowledge in the fields of family association, professional standard creation and for the promotion of familys well-being. The main function of National Council of Family and Consumer Science is to provide forum that is based on education. The educational forum is provided to the scientists, professors and practitioners to share knowledge. The knowledge is basically based on the development of knowledge in the fields of family association, professional standard creation and for the promotion of familys well-being. The main benefit that can be achieved from the National Council of Family and Consumer Science is to get the resources according to the requirement of an individual. This is helpful as it helps in increasing the knowledge of an individual in the fields occupation, Linkage and career improvement. The National Council of Family and Consumer Science is committed for providing wealth resources to its member. The tool ranges from grantwriting which is a type of resources for the researchers. The researcher uses the resource in order to upgrade their knowledge or information related with their program. A professional code of ethics is used by NCFR. The code of ethics provides guidelines for confront ethical problems properly (Naeyc.org., 2016). National Association of Education of Young Children The National Association of Education of Young Children strives to raise the quality of education among all children from birth until the age of eight. Accreditation system helps in improving the early childhood education. They also provide various types of programs in order to provide the children with the experience of best education. The main function of National Association of Education of Young Children is to provide high quality of education until the age of 8 by connecting research, practice and policy. Accreditation system helps in improving the early childhood education. They also provide various types of programs in order to provide the children with the experience of best education. It led to improvements in the knowledge and skills of the young children. The childrens childhood education is improved. As a result, there will be development in the fields of knowledge, experience among the children. The young children for childhood teachers select an online article from the NAEYCs journal. The NAEYC also provides a radio program that helps in increasing the knowledge of the students and parents by providing insight on the childhood education. NAEYC offers a code of ethical conduct in order to remove problems that the childrens are facing due to ethical implications. The ethical code of conduct provides various types of guidelines in order to resolve problems linked with major ethical dilemmas (Naeyc.org., 2016). Early Childhood Intervention The main purpose of Early Childhood Intervention is to provide opportunities to the people with disabilities and families with children. This is only for providing equivalent opportunities in order to pursue self-sufficient and creative lives. The function of this policy is to work in joint venture with Texans having disabilities and families having children facing developmental delays, which helps them to improve their quality of lives cooperating with the society. The Early Childhood Intervention Policy helps to remove the societys dysfunctional elements like educational lag or domestic violence. There are several cases of developmental delay among children; these kinds of the problems are blocking the improvement aspect of the society. An Early Childhood Intervention policy helps those children and families for being recovered from their circumstantial situations. This is very beneficial to the society. The journals that are published provide important information which act as res ources. A journal on Childhood Intervention policy helps childrens and families for being recovered from their circumstantial situations. This is very beneficial to the society.Early Childhood Intervention uses a professional code of ethics. The code of ethics provides guidelines for confront ethical problems properly (Dars.state.tx.us., 2016). Child life Council The main purpose is to support child life professionals. This is because the child professionals help in empowering children and families in challenging events that is related to health care. The main function of CLC is to provide its members with resources that are for professional development and for making the practices better. CLC distribute information about childrens need that experienced trauma and stress. Child Life Council is one of the most leading associations that are related with child life specialist. The benefit that can be acquired from Child Life Council is to enhance ones profession as a child life specialist. The additional benefits are: Leading specialists are given quarterly payment, focusing on the information that is unique. It provides a policy related with specialized networking in order to discuss file distribution libraries, forums etc. The child life council provides benefits that are considered user friendly. It has a variety of resources that are importa nt for meeting ones demand in the employment and career development. CLC provides very important resource who wants their career as a child life specialist. Child life code of ethical responsibility is incorporated in order to increase the physical and emotional health as well as helps in increasing the abilities of children to be disciplined ( Childlife.org., 2016) Conclusion It is concluded that child and developments programs are very much import and essential as it provides benefits. It led to improvements in the knowledge and skills of the young children. The childrens childhood education gets improved. The program helps the child professionals in empowering children and families in challenging events that is related to health care. Reference list Child Life Council : Overview Of Child Life Council. (2016).Childlife.org. Retrieved 22 June 2016, from https://www.childlife.org Early Childhood Intervention Services. (2016).Dars.state.tx.us. Retrieved 22 June 2016, from https://www.dars.state.tx.us/ecis Homepage - American Association of Family Consumer Sciences (AAFCS). (2016).Aafcs.org. Retrieved 22 June 2016, from https://www.aafcs.org National Association for the Education of Young Children | NAEYC. (2016).Naeyc.org. Retrieved 22 June 2016, from https://www.naeyc.org NCFR. (2016).Ncfr.org. Retrieved 22 June 2016, from https://www.ncfr.org

Impact of Employees Empowerment On Organizations Performance Dominos

Question: Discuss about the Impact of Employees Empowerment On Organizations Performance for Dominos Australia Case Study. Answer: Introduction The research deals with the impact of the empowerment of the employees on the business performance of the organizations. The research focuses on the innovation, quality, and fair business transaction. Employee empowerment is recognized as the essential factor for an organization to be successful. There is a direct link between the level of the employee empowerment, employee performance and commitment towards the organizations. The empowerment would enable the employees to be more responsive and flexible which could lead to the improvements in both the organizational and individual performance in the long run. According to Gilbert et al., (2016), the business performance of an organization depends on the performance of the employees working in the organization. According to a recent survey, the Australian food retail market is undergoing structural change in an effort to accelerate the share gains and minimise the impact of the discounters. Dominos, being the largest pizza chain in Australia has secured over $588,000 back pay for the underpaid pizza delivery drivers around Australia as a part of collaborative initiative (Fairwork.gov.au, 2016). Underpayments have been found at the stores in every State and Territory where almost $200,000 is being held in trust for workers who are not being located. This situation has led the company to implement appropriate strategy for the improvement of the workplace practices. The Australian retail market has undergoing structural change and is experiencing falling profits and lower returns in the recent years (fairwork.gov.au, 2016). According to the Australian Food and Grocery Council (AFGC), the Australian food market represents wholesale revenue of less than 30 billion in 2015 (Gilbert et al., 2016). Thus, the needs to be an effective change management strategy in the business organizations such that to revive the food industry in the market. The research topic is based on the empowerment of the employees and its impact on the performance of Dominos. The employees working in the organization would be the best to describe the performance of the organization if their status in the organization is enhanced in the workplace. This is the main reason why the researcher needs to collect the primary data related to the research study. Objective To examine the impact of empowerment on organizational performance To evaluate employee empowerment strategies in Dominos To examine the issues related to implementation of employee empowerment strategy in Dominos To provide suggestions regarding employee empowerment in Dominos Research questions What is the impact of empowerment on organizational performance? What are the important employee empowerment strategies in Dominos? What are the issues faced by Dominos in implementing employee empowerment strategy? How can Dominos improve its employee empowerment? Theoretical framework Employee Empowerment Employee empower is all about providing some amount of responsibility and autonomy in organizational decision making process. According to Ghosh, (2013), Employee empowerment provide adequate level of value to the employee for which they want to be loyal towards organizational success. On the other hand, Verhulst and Boks, (2014) opined that implementation of employee empowerment strategy assists the managers in getting diverse set of ideas from talented employees. It ultimately increases creativity in organizational process and thereby creates competitiveness in the market. According to Elloy, (2012), certain level of power and freedom given to the employees encourage them to accomplish work accurately and perfectly. On the other hand, Ghosh, (2013), suggested that employee empowerment enhances self-determination and personal effectiveness of the employees. It has been found that Coca Cola has successfully implemented employee empowerment strategy through delegating some authority t o their employees (Verhulst Boks, 2014). In this way, they have become successful in creating flexible and productive work environment in the organization. Organizational Performance Organizational performance is the measurement of actual output of the organization towards its intended goals and objective. According to Men and Stacks, (2013) organization performance is highly dependent on the way employees perceives the organizational goal. The employees are motivated to increase organizational performance, when it shows some of their personal concern. Organizational performance increases with the individual employees productivity. Therefore, employees need to have perfect balance between their abilities and willingness. The manager should seek to empower the employees through proper rewards, promotional opportunities and other benefits. According to Namasivayam et al., (2014), employee empowerment increases the job involvement level of employees, which raises their performance level. On the other hand, Zeglat et al., (2014), opined that the value of organizational goal should be properly communicated within the employees getting their best out of them. It has be en found that, Darrell Lea in Australia has maintained proper employee relation for increasing employee involvement within the organization (Verhulst Boks, 2014). It has increased the product and service quality of the organization. Theories related to employee empowerment Maslows Need Hierarchy attempts to focus on fulfilling following five basic needs of employees towards empowering them: Physiological needs According to Gillet et al., (2012), psychological needs of the employees are provided through comfortable working condition, necessary breaks and reasonable working hours. On the other hand, Kovjanic et al., (2012), opined that the manager should be extremely concerned with meeting the basic needs of the employees so that they can survive in the workplace. Safety needs Employees should have strong sense of security as well as well-being in their workplace, which provide them enthusiasm towards their job role. Effective manager should provide high level of job security and healthy work environment to the employees. It has been found that Dick Smith Foods in provide life insurance policy to the employee for securing their life. It has boost their employee morale to an unlimited extent. Social needs According to Hoogervorst et al., (2012), employees need high sense of belongingness and affection from their superiors and subordinate for adjusting with workplace. On the other hand, Uddin, Luva and Hossian, (2013), opined that satisfaction of social needs creates intimacy and remove depression of work life. In this way, it motivates employees towards better productivity. Esteem needs According to Jerome, (2013), employees need proper self-respect and recognition against the work they contribute towards organizational success. It empowers the employees to demonstrate high level of dedication in their job role. Self-actualization needs According to Jerome , (2013), Self-actualization needs of employees are fulfilled through achieving their full potential in the organization. It has been found that Lion Food and Beverage organization allows their employees in decision-making process for empowering them. In this way, they are able to get creative ideas in organizational process. Relationship between employee empowerment and organizational performance Managers can be able to promote organizational success through getting innovative ideas, suggestion and solution. This can only be possible through empowering the employees by delegating authority of giving opinion to organizational success. Employee can be empowered through getting proper support and assistance from the superiors. While, the managers will spend more time with their employees, they can understand employees lacking areas. Thus, the manager can provide suitable training to them to properly contributing towards organizational success. Apart from that, high level of trust and affection among the employees leads them to align themselves with organizational goals. In this way, organizational performance remains at peak. Research methodology Type of research The research method can be categorised by the two segments viz., qualitative and quantitative. The qualitative research helps in improving the performance of the organizations by changing the corporate structure of the organizations and providing power to the employees working in the organisations. On the other hand, the quantitative analysis is for a huge number of respondents upon whom the survey is to be conducted on the basis of the research questionnaire being formulated on the research. Hence, both the quantitative and qualitative research methods are required to be implemented for the study. Data collection method The data collection method is comprised of the primary and secondary data collection process. The research study should be emphasizing on the primary data collection process in order to conduct the research. The research topic is based on the empowerment of the employees and its impact on the performance of the business organization (Dominos as our case study organization). The employees working in the organization would be the best to describe the performance of the organization if their status in the organization is enhanced in the workplace. This is the main reason why the research study needs to implement the collection of the primary data related to the research topic. Moreover, the primary data being collected from the respondents would be indicating the research process to be more reliable and valid towards the readers. Research approach The research approach can be comprised of two basic approaches including the inductive and deductive approach, which is used in most of the researches. According to Gioiaet al., (2013), the inductive approach includes the analysis of the data is conducted by using effective analytical tools and developing potential theories related to the research topic. While, the deductive approach follows the selection of theory, testing for hypothesis, data analysis and the implementation of the theories in order to analyse the data. The deductive approach ultimately requires the confirmation of the theoretical evidences as well. Research instrument For conducting the research, a questionnaire has been formulated based on which the survey is required to be conducted from the respondents being selected for the research. The information being collected from the respondent are required to be inscribed in the form of graphs and tables such that to make the readers easily understand about the research process. Another instrument to be used in the data analysis section of the research process is the use of various software including the SPSS and Excel which should be used in both the quantitative and qualitative analysis. Sampling plan Sampling is a crucial method, which helps in selecting the respondents for conducting the survey as required by the research study. Sampling plan refers to the selection of respondents in order to conduct the survey. The sampling method refers to selection of appropriate respondents for the research study such that to collect relevant information by implementing the data collection method. The sampling process can be comprised of two methods viz., probability, and non-probability sampling. The convenient sampling is used to reduce the deviation of the responses being collected from the candidates in the primary data collection process. References Elloy, D. (2012). Effects of ability utilization, job influence and organization commitment on employee empowerment: an empirical study.International Journal of Management,29(2), 627. Fairwork.gov.au,. (2016).Welcome to the Fair Work Ombudsman website.Fair Work Ombudsman. Retrieved 12 August 2016, from https://www.fairwork.gov.au/about-us/news-and-media-releases/2013-media-releases/july-2013/20130731-dominos-proactive-compliance-deed-report Fernandez, S., Moldogaziev, T. (2012). Using employee empowerment to encourage innovative behavior in the public sector.Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, mus008. Fernandez, S., Moldogaziev, T. (2013). Employee empowerment, employee attitudes, and performance: Testing a causal model.Public Administration Review,73(3), 490-506. Ghosh, A. K. (2013). Employee empowerment: a strategic tool to obtain sustainable competitive advantage.International Journal of Management,30(3), 95. Gilbert, B., Stafford, C., Sehgal, A. (2016).Australian Supermarkets: UBS/AFGC Survey. Retrieved 12 August 2016, from https://www.afgc.org.au/wp-content/uploads/AFGC-UBS-Report-2016.pdf Gillet, N., Fouquereau, E., Forest, J., Brunault, P., Colombat, P. (2012). The impact of organizational factors on psychological needs and their relations with well-being.Journal of Business and Psychology,27(4), 437-450. Gioia, D. A., Corley, K. G., Hamilton, A. L. (2013). Seeking qualitative rigor in inductive research notes on the Gioia methodology.Organizational Research Methods,16(1), 15-31. Hoogervorst, N., De Cremer, D., van Dijke, M., Mayer, D. M. (2012). When do leaders sacrifice?: The effects of sense of power and belongingness on leader self-sacrifice.The Leadership Quarterly,23(5), 883-896. Jerome, N. (2013). Application of the Maslows hierarchy of need theory; impacts and implications on organizational culture, human resource and employees performance.International Journal of Business and Management Invention,2(3), 39-45. Kovjanic, S., Schuh, S. C., Jonas, K., Quaquebeke, N. V., Dick, R. (2012). How do transformational leaders foster positive employee outcomes? A selfà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ determinationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ based analysis of employees' needs as mediating links.Journal of Organizational Behavior,33(8), 1031-1052. Men, L. R., Stacks, D. W. (2013). The impact of leadership style and employee empowerment on perceived organizational reputation.Journal of Communication Management,17(2), 171-192. Namasivayam, K., Guchait, P., Lei, P. (2014). The influence of leader empowering behaviors and employee psychological empowerment on customer satisfaction.International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management,26(1), 69-84. Uddin, M. J., Luva, R. H., Hossian, S. M. M. (2013). Impact of organizational culture on employee performance and productivity: a case study of telecommunication sector in Bangladesh.International Journal of Business and Management,8(2), 63. Verhulst, E., Boks, C. (2014). Employee empowerment for sustainable design.J. Corp. Citizen,2014, 73-101. Zeglat, D., Aljaber, M., Alrawabdeh, W. (2014). Understating the impact of employee empowerment on customer-oriented behavior.Journal of Business Studies Quarterly,6(1), 55.